Almond shell

Almond Almond extract Almonds Almond shells Alnert Alnico... 

Since 1951, the majority of imported almonds have come from Spain and Turkey. Production of almonds in southern Italy has declined by neatly 50% owing to competition from Spain, the United States, and Turkey. Efforts have been made, however, to expand the ItaUan almond industry (155). The United States is a primary exporter of almonds. Shelled almonds are used primarily by candy manufacturers and nut salters. In-sheU almonds are sold as mixtures of the in-sheU nut through retail outlets. 

Xyhtol is synthesized by reduction of D-xylose catalyticahy (40), electrolyticahy (41), and by sodium amalgam (42). D-Xylose is obtained by hydrolysis of xylan and other hemiceUulosic substances obtained from such sources as wood, com cobs (43), almond shells, hazelnuts, or oHve waste (44). Isolation of xylose is not necessary xyhtol results from hydrogenation of the solution obtained by acid hydrolysis of cottonseed hulls (45). 

Almond shell Aluminium, atomized Aluminium, flake Aluminium-cobalt alloy Aluminium-copper alloy Aluminium-iron alloy Aluminium-lithium alloy Aluminium—magnesium alloy Aluminium-nickel alloy Aluminium-silicon alloy Aluminium acetate... 

Fignre 6.19 shows the plots for yields of hydrogen from snpercritical water extraction of shell samples versns temperatnre. The yields of hydrogen from snpercritical water extraction increase with increasing extraction temperatures. The yield of hydrogen from almond shell increases from 6.7 to 13.5% with the temperature increase from 650 to 750 K, respectively (Demiibas, 2004). 

Wood ashes.—The ash of wood, not coal, contains about 30 per cent, of potassium carbonate. Prior to the exploitation of the Stassfurt salts about the middle of the nineteenth century, the chief source of potash was wood ashes, and the process is still used in certain localities where wood-fuel is employed and where much waste wood is available—e.g. in some parts of Canada, United States, Russia, Spain, etc. The ash of trees, hedge-cuttings, sawdust, etc., can be made to yield potash.5 In the Caucasus, the sunflower is grown on waste land for the sake of its seed. The stalks, leaves, etc., are a by-product and are burnt the ash is used as a source of potash. Nearly 7000 tons per annum of crude potash from this source were exported from Novorossik in Russia. The residues in the manufacture of olive oil and almond shells are also stated by G. l Abate to be exceptionally rich in potash salts F. W. F. Day claims that the roots of the water hyacinth (eiehornia crassipes) have... 

The extent of the activation reaction is characterized by the burn-off as determined by the change in mass of the char, expressed as the percentage weight loss of the carbonized material as a result of HTT under controlled conditions. With some chars, the bum-off increases linearly with the time of HTT at a constant temperature. This form of linear dependence has been reported by Rodriguez-Reinoso (1986) for the activation of carbonized olive stones and almond shells in C02 at temperatures around 850°C. The extensive linear relationship was a clear indication that the reaction rate was almost constant over a very wide range of bum-off (i.e. 8-80%). 

The activated carbons A, H, P were prepared from almond shells, olive stones, and peach stones their aciueous suspensions all had pH > 7. 

Font R, Mardlla A, Verdu E, Devesa J, Kinetics of the Pyrolysis of Almond Shells and Almond Shells Impregnated with CoClj in a Fluidised Bed Reactor and in a Pyroprobe 100, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 29(9), 1846(1990)... 

The rate constants of the reactions (1 )-(4) increase from the bottom to the top of the combustor. This reflects the modeled specific area rise when the particle size decreases. In the absence of the direct measurements of the oxidation rate for the char formed from almond shells, different rate constants from the literature [6,7,8] have been attempted. 

Assuming different pyrolysis product distributions for almond shells according to the measurements of El Asri ct al. [5], Font et al. [12, 13], or Parodi et al. [14], different composition of the flue gases, in particular CO contents, have been predicted. It was found that the amount of char formed in the pyrolysis stage is of great importance. The fraction of fme particles that escape to the conical part of the reactor is of relevance for the CO production, but it doesn t affect the NO formation. The variation of the air splitting ratios between different blocks is of minor importance. 

All tests were performed using the same biomass fuel composed of 80 wt.% wood blended with 20 wt.% almond shells. Wood fuel was obtained from the fuel feed conveyors of an operating biomass power plant and was largely a mixture of Douglas fir and Ponderosa pine. The blended fuel material was milled and sieved through a 16 mesh (1 mm) screen. Before each test, the moisture content was determined by drying the fuel for 24 hours in an air oven at 1Q3 C. The moisture content ranged from 9.1 to 9.4 wt.% wet basis. Properties of the fuel are listed in Table 1. 

Caballero, J.A., Conesa, J.A., Font, R, Marcilla, A. (1997). Pyrolysis kinetics of almond shells and olive stones considering their organic fractions. J Anal. Appl Pyrolysis 42, 159-175. 

Pyroprobe 1000 from CDS) [20] is shown in Figures 18.4.1 and 18.4.2. Figure 18.4.1 shows the yield in several pyrolysis products obtained from almond shells at 850 C, and Figure 18.4.2 shows the same results for municipal solid waste. 

Figure 18.4.1. Comparison between the pyrolysis products yields from a fluidized bed reactor (diamonds) and a filament heated flash pyrolysis (squares) [20] performed at 850° C for almond shells.

Toles, C. A., et al. (2000). Acid-activated carbons from almond shells physical, chemical and adsorptive properties and estimated cost of production. Bioresour. Technol. 71, 87-92. 

On the other hand, the data in Table 1 do not suggest any relationship between the total surface area of the adsorbent and the specific retention volume. To confirm this behaviour, two series of activated carbons (Table 3) obtained from almond shells (C-series) and olive stones (H-series) submitted to activation with CO2 at different treatment periods (the number,hours, appended to C or H) were obtained [9] resulting in the samples with surface areas ranging from 840 to 1350 m /g. 

Surface areas of activated carbons obtained from almond shells (C-series) and olive stones... 

Recently, the effectiveness of removal of bromo-dichloromethane, benzene, carbontetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloromethane, chloroform, and 1,1-dichloromethane was studied on various laboratory-based and commercial activated carbons [123]. The pecan shell- and almond shell-based materials obtained... 

Bansode, R.R., Losso, J.N., MasrshaU, W.E., et al. (2003). Adsorption of volatile inorganic compounds by pecan sheU- and almond shell-based granular activated carbons. Bioresource TechnoL, 90, 175—84. 

From Almond Shells Almond shells were pyrolyzed in nitrogen at 900°C for 1 h and steam-activated at 850°C for 1-8 h. A few samples were oxidized using the following procedures ... 

PZC/IEP of Activated Carbons Obtained from Almond Shells... 

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