Lithium nickelate

An emerging electrochemical appHcation of lithium compounds is in molten carbonate fuel ceUs (qv) for high efficiency, low poUuting electrical power generation. The electrolyte for these fuel ceUs is a potassium carbonate—hthium carbonate eutectic contained within a lithium aluminate matrix. The cathode is a Hthiated metal oxide such as lithium nickel oxide. 

Lithium-nickel oxides form various lithium compounds, lithium hydroxides (LiOH), Li2C03, nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2), nickel carbonate (NiC03) and nickel oxide (NiO). Figure 51 shows the discharge characteristics of lithium-nickel oxides synthesized from these compounds. They were heat-treated at 850 °C for 20 h in air. Although the lithium nickel oxides showed a smaller discharge capacity than that of LiCo02, LiOH and Ni(OH)2 were considered to be appropi-ate raw materials. 

Figure 52. Discharge characteristics of some lithium-nickel oxides and LiCoO, (current density 0.25 mA cm2).

In practice, the defect structure of the materials LiJCo, M)02 and Lix(Ni, M)02 under oxidizing conditions found at cathodes, is complex. For example, oxidation of Fe3+ substituted lithium nickelate, LL(Ni, Fe)02, under cathodic conditions leads to the formation of Fe4+ and Ni4+. Conductivity can then take place by means of rapid charge hopping between Fe3+, Ni3+, Fe4+, and Ni4+, giving average charges of Fe3+S and Ni3+S. These solids are the subject of ongoing research. 

Lithium-magnesium alloys, 15 135 Lithium manganate(V), 15 592 Lithium-manganese dioxide cells, 3 461 characteristics, 3 462t Lithium metaborate, 15 137 Lithium metaborate octahydrate, 4 277 Lithium metal, 15 132 uses for, 15 134 Lithium metal films, 15 128 Lithium methoxide, 15 148 Lithium nickelate, 15 142 Lithium niobate, 15 141 17 153... 

Finally, Al (/= 5/2) and Co NMR spectroscopy have been used to probe AP+ in Al-doped lithium cobalt oxides and lithium nickel oxides. A Al chemical shift of 62.5 ppm was observed for the environment Al(OCo)e for an AP+ ion in the transition-metal layers, surrounded by six Co + ions. Somewhat surprisingly, this is in the typical chemical shift range expected for tetrahedral environments (ca. 60—80 ppm), but no evidence for occupancy of the tetrahedral site was obtained from X-ray diffraction and IR studies on the same materials. Substitution of the Co + by AF+ in the first cation coordination shell leads to an additive chemical shift decrease of ca. 7 ppm, and the shift of the environment A1(0A1)6 (20 ppm) seen in spectra of materials with higher A1 content is closer to that expected for octahedral Al. The spectra are consistent with a continuous solid solution involving octahedral sites randomly occupied by Al and Co. It is possible that the unusual Al shifts seen for this compound are related to the Van-Vleck susceptibility of this compound. 

Escudero, M., Rodrigo, T., Soler, J., Daza, L. (2003). Electrochemical behaviour of lithium-nickel oxides in molten carbonate. /. Power Sources 118,23-34. 

Chang, C.-C., Kim, J.Y, and Kumta, P.N., Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of divalent cation-incorporated lithium nickel oxide, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 1722, 2000. 

Ganesan, P. Colon, H. Haran, B. White, R. Popov, N.B. Study of cobalt-doped lithium-nickel oxides as cathodes for MCFC. J. Power Sources 2002, 111 (1), 109-120. 

Figure 2. Charge-discharge records for lithium-copper sulfide and lithium-nickel sulfide cells...

KINETICS OF REACTION OF DIOXYGEN WITH LITHIUM NICKEL OXIDE, AND THE ROLE OF SURFACE OXYGEN IN OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE... 

Uses Oxidizing agent solid rocket propellant in lithium-nickel sulfide dry batteries Manuf./Distrib. Chemetall Chem. Prods. http //www.chemetall.com] GFS http //www.gfschemicals.com] Spectrum Quality Prods. 

Environmental Nontoxic to fish and bees Precaution DOT Flamm. solid explosive as dust exposed to flame reactive with oxidizers violent reactions possible with halogens, carbides, zinc, uranium, tin, Na, lithium, nickel, phosphorus, potassium, aluminum, ammonia, etc. 

Barium sulfate Calcium plumbate Cobalt sulfate (ous) Lead Lead oxide, black Lead sulfate Lithium Nickel oxide (ic) batteries, storage/dry cell Zinc... 

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