New Research Directions

The myriad of new research tools available to probe the consequences of the interaction of chemicals with cellular macromolecule has allowed for a new enthusiasm in addressing the following question How do chemicals induce tumors and other adverse health outcomes Some of these recent advances are noted here for illustrative purposes. 

In order to extrapolate from tumor data collected in animal studies to responses in humans, it is greatly advantageous to demonstrate that a similar etiology or underlying mechanism is involved. A number of new approaches facilitate such an endeavor, and three examples are presented here. 

As noted above, sophisticated techniques are available for the analysis of mutations at the gene and chromosomal level. Such analysis can be used to define the mechanisms of formation of specific human tumors. In addition, it can be used for the development of informative bioindicators of a tumor response. These include ligation-based PCR technique and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) that can be used in conjunction with clones that cover limited genomic regions to identify specific chromosomal breakpoints (Preston, 2005a). 

In parallel with these advances in mRNA detection and assessment, significant advances in the detection, characterization, and quantitation of proteins have been made. This is not only a result of the rapidly expanding database of protein sequences but also of the extraordinary advances in sensitivity of mass spectrometry techniques. It is proposed, with some real sense of expected success, that protein characterization at the whole genome level will be forthcoming (Domon and Aebersold, 2006). 

The examples noted above serve to highlight where advances in the understanding of basic cellular housekeeping processes and the consequences of their perturbation can have a very significant impact on determining the mechanism of adverse health outcomes and the subsequent assessment of risk. Thus, studies of mutagenicity play an important role in hazard identification, dose-response assessment, and the characterization of risk. 

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The goal of this book is thus to assess progress in the field, to identify fruitful new research directions, to summarize the substantial progress that has thus far been made with theoretical studies, and to clarify some unusual features of carbon-based materials that are relevant to the interpretation of experiments on carbon nanotubes that are now being so actively pursued. A second goal of this book is thus to stimulate further progress in research on carbon nanotubes and related materials. 

REVIEW Aside from providing state-of-the-art accounts of forefront areas of research in ion chemistry written by experts in the field, this volume also affords motivation for further studies in new research directions. The latter is most stimulating and adds to the already excellent value this volume has for researchers and graduate students working in gas phase ion chemistry and related fields. ... 

Dubovsky SL, Murphy J, Christiano J, et al The calcium second messenger system in bipolar disorders data supporting new research directions. J Neuropsychiatry Chn Neurosci 4 3-14, 1992b... 

Yamanouchi K (2002) Ultrafast dynamics of molecules in intense laser-light fields new research direction. In Bandrauk AD, Fujimura Y, Gordon RJ (eds) Laser control and manipulation of molecules. American Chemical Soc., Washington DC, pp 251-266... 

Inspired by the importance of the porphyrins, a new research direction has emerged in recent years that is devoted to the preparation and study of non-porphyrin polypyrrole macrocycles. Here, the principal objectives have been to generate completely synthetic systems that bear some structural resemblance to naturally occurring porphyrin derivatives while being quite different in their specific chemical makeup. Within this context, three different research directions have evolved, namely those involving the syntheses of contracted, isomeric, and expanded porphyrins. 

The biosensor research areas including modern biospeciflc analytical techniques are developing very rapidly and it is fair to say that analytical chemistry plays a very important role in these developments. New challenges lie ahead with new discoveries and tools opening up novel dimensions in both fundamental research and in possible applications. However, as in many other areas in analytical chemistry for major breakthroughs, we rely on developments in other areas that have contributed and will contribute to new research directions as well as successful improvements in already existing areas. 

C. A. (1996). Marijuana use Current issues and new research directions. Journal oJ Drug Issues, 26, 695-733. 

Methods to reliably predict the further effects of metabolites on the complete biological system are needed to aid in the selection of molecules to be synthesized and tested in vitro or in vivo, and thus to ultimately provide feedback on any likely toxicity [84], Graphical representations of this type of information are also important for the biologist and chemist to understand what new research directions they should take. 

With the results from the work reported in this book, we can now answer many of the questions that did not have clear answers earlier. Moreover, this research opens the path for many new research directions. Since we have already justified the superiority of the 2.5-D integration from cost and performance perspectives, future work should focus on developing fabrication and test technologies to deliver the advantages, as well as efficient system architectures and design tools to fully utilize the potential. 

A selection of the recent innovations in catalytic membrane reactor research is presented in the following sections to illustrate the two themes mentioned in the Introduction, diversification of ends and integration of means. Doubtless there are more, and others may make different choices. Much excellent research, which may be classified as using existing approaches but with different reactions or membrane materials, is not included here. This review focuses on identifying new research directions, which illustrate the responses to the above challenges. 

Interpretation of cellulose-interred lake water records would benefit from coupled estimation of lake water in order to clearly decipher shifting isotopic composition of precipitation from changes in water balance (see Fig. 1). Exploratory paleolimnological reconstructions at Austin Lake demonstrate that further studies on the hydrogen isotope composition of kerogen and its isotopic relationship with ambient water is an especially promising new research direction (Krishnamurthy et al., 1995 also see Fig. 7). Mapping temporal shifts in lake water isotopic composition in two-dimensional space... 

The results of the study indicated several new research directions which the research and development teams are now pursuing. 

The possibihties to obtain hgnin or its derivatives based nanoparticles could represent a new research direction with both fundamental and application perspectives. Capram [162] subjected different types of alkali lignins from annual... 

Too few data exist to evaluate relationships between abundance, body size and distribution for microbes, and remain unclear (in part) for macrobes. Thus, the EiE claim is not supported for these basic components of biogeography. However, the EiE claim has been useful for biogeographic principles because it led to consideration of relationships for macrobes and microbes and revealed potential new research directions. 

Based on the satisfactory results obtained by Van Eckeveld et al. (2), several new research directions are currently followed. A selection of preliminary unpublished results is presented in this section. 

By all means, use your time as a postdoctoral candidate to learn new research techniques and publish more original work. However, this is also a precious opportunity to observe and learn from an experienced mentor about the art of juggling teaching, research, and administrative responsibilities, and the science of grantsmanship. After a solid postdoctoral experience, you can head to the halls of academia - to teach, do research, mentor, and pursue new research directions and technologies. 

Khlcbtsov (1993ab), Khlcbtsov and Mel nikov (1993ab) have started a new research direction, namely, the speclroturbidimetry of fractal clusters. The integral functions defining the spectral properties of nonabsorbing fractal clusters have been studied. 

Abstract This chapter examines why learning theories expressed as artificial intelligence programs have not had much direct effect on education and training. It suggests a new research direction. 

Synchrotron Infrared spectroscopy has witnessed several important applications in Materials Science over the recent years. This chapter is aimed at highlighting the most recent studies that could inspire new studies from readers. Soft matter (in particular polymer science), catalysis and microscopic ellipsometry have achieved important steps forward in their applications recently, while well-established studies in semiconductors and high pressure studies have generated important results and findings. The field is evolving quickly towards new directions, mainly in the production of intense THz beams that are opening new research directions, in time resolved studies, in fast imaging and in near field infrared microscopy. The recent advances are reported in this chapter. 

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