Natural lacquers

Urushi, a natural lacquer, has been used on the ISFET surface [89] to make, amongst other devices, a chloride sensor. The natural lacquer has a long curing time (10 days) but this can be shortened to 2-3 days with the use of formaldehyde as a crosslinking agent [90] and has been successfully used in the production of a nitrate sensor. 

Carnauba wax is also known as Brazil wax and is a wax from the leaves of Copernicia pmnifera. Ouricury wax can be obtained from the Brazilian Feather Pakn Syagrus coronata. Espar is a wine plant. Shellac is a resin from trees of India. Historically, shellac has been known as the material for gramophone records. Japan wax is obtained from the berries of certain sumac trees. It is a byproduct from the fabrication of natural lacquers. 

Fumaric acid occurs naturally in many plants and is named after Fumaria officinalis, a climbing aimual plant, from which it was first isolated. It is also known as (E)-2-butenedioic acid, aHomaleic acid, boletic acid, Hchenic acid, or /n j -l,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid. It is used as a food acidulant and as a raw material in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins, quick-setting inks, furniture lacquers, paper sizing chemicals, and aspartic acid [56-84-8]. 

Extreme caution must be taken to prevent the possibility of fire when using flammable removers. Extra care must be taken when stripping on location to secure the area of ignition sources. When used on lacquer finishes, the dissolved finish and remover combined are extremely flammable. Natural mbber, neoprene, or other gloves suitable for use with the remover formula must be worn. The effect of skin contact with the remover is limited because there is immediate irritation and discomfort. Canister respirators are available for most petroleum and oxygenate remover solvents. Symptoms of long-term overexposure should be compared to symptoms of the major ingredients in the formula. 

Like the lower alcohols, amyl alcohols are completely miscible with numerous organic solvents and are excellent solvents for nitrocellulose, resia lacquers, higher esters, and various natural and synthetic gums and resius. However, iu contrast to the lower alcohols, they are only slightly soluble iu water. Only 2-methyl-2-butanol exhibits significant water solubiUty. As associated Hquids, amyl alcohols form a2eotropes with water and//or a variety of organic compounds (Table 3). 

As solvents, the amyl alcohols are intermediate between hydrocarbon and the more water-miscible lower alcohol and ketone solvents. Eor example, they are good solvents and diluents for lacquers, hydrolytic fluids, dispersing agents in textile printing inks, industrial cleaning compounds, natural oils such as linseed and castor, synthetic resins such as alkyds, phenoHcs, urea —formaldehyde maleics, and adipates, and naturally occurring gums, such as shellac, paraffin waxes, rosin, and manila. In solvent mixtures they dissolve cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, and ceUulosic ethers. 

Gum Elemi. This resin, tapped from trees in the Philippines, contains a higher concentration of essential oils than other natural resins. It is a soft, sticky, plastic material that can be deformed manually. Gum elemi [9000-75-3] contains 20—25% essential oils, 13—19% acids, 30—35% resenes (condensed decarboxylated resin acids), and 20—25% terpenic resinols (condensed terpene alcohols). It has an acid number of 20—35 and a saponification number of 20—40. Gum elemi is a film-forming plasticizing resin used in lacquers. 

A lot of natural as well as technological objects of analytical control are colloidal systems, i.e. human blood, biological liquids, sol and suspension forming in different technological processes (ore-dressing, electrochemical deposition, catalysis and other), food, paint-and-lacquer materials, sewage water and other. 

This includes organic fibrous materials on a cellulose base such as paper, pressboard, cotton, cotton cloth and natural silk etc., impregnated with lacquers or immersed in an insulating liquid. The impregnation or immersion ensures that the oxygen content of the air does not affect... 

Group D Gasoline, hexane, naphtha, benzene, butane, propane, alcohols, acetone, lacquer, solvent vapors, or natural gas (methane)... 

Severe attack frequently occurs at a water-line, which in practice can range from structural steel partly immersed in a natural water to a lacquered tin can used for containing emulsion paint. This can be illustrated by adding increeising amounts of sodium carbonate to a sodium chloride solution in which a steel plate is partly immersed (Fig. 1.48c, d and e). With increase in concentration of the inhibitor, attack decreases and becomes confined to the water-line. The attack at the water-line is intense and is characterised by a triangular pasty mass of corrosion products bounded on the upper surface by a dark-brown membrane that follows the contour of the water-line. The mechanism of water-line attack is not clear, but it is likely that the membrane of corrosion products results in the formation of an occluded cell, in which the anolyte and catholyte are prevented from mixing. These occluded cells are discussed in more detail subsequently. 

Natural resins Burgundy pitch Copal Dammar Japanese lacquer Pine rosin Wood rosin... 

Onychomycosis is a chronic infection that rarely remits spontaneously. Adequate treatment is essential to prevent spread to other sites, secondary bacterial infections, cellulitis, or gangrene. Due to the chronic nature and impenetrability of nails, topical agents have low efficacy rates for treating onychomycosis. Oral agents that can penetrate the nail matrix and nail base, such as itraconazole and terbinafine, are more effective than ciclopirox lacquer. Itraconazole and terbinafine demonstrate mycological cure rates of 62%37 and 76%,38 respectively, while ciclopirox has a cure rate of 29% to 36%.39... 

Uses Manufacture of artificial leathers, plastics, safety glass, photographic films, lacquers as a solvent in the production of perfumes, natural gums, and synthetic resins solvent for nitrocellulose lacquers dehydrating agent. 

Uses Solvent for cellulose acetate, crude rubber, natural resins, nitrocellulose, vinyl resins, waxes, fats, oils, shellac, rubber, DDT, and other pesticides preparation of adipic acid and caprolactum additive in wood stains, paint, PVC paints, lacquers (to prevent blushing or improve flow), and varnish removers degreasing of metals spot remover lube oil additive in PVC adhesives to control evaporation rate leveling agent in dyeing and delustering silk. 

Uses Solvent for lacquers, varnishes, dopes, nitrocellulose, natural and synthetic resins in cleaning solutions, varnish removers, dye baths mutual solvent for formation of soluble oils lacquer thinners emulsion stabilizer anti-icing additive for aviation fuels. 

Uses Solvent for natural and synthetic resins, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, and some dyes nail polishes dyeing leather sealing moisture-proof cellophane lacquers, varnishes, enamels, wood stains in solvent mixtures perfume fixative jet fuel de-icing additive. 

Uses Manufacture of flavors and perfumes solvent for plastics, cellulose products, and resins lacquers, paints natural and synthetic resins lab reagent organic synthesis. 

Note 1 This term was used originally because of its analogy with a natural resin (rosin) and designated, in a broad sense, any polymer that is a basic material for plastics, organic coatings, or lacquers. However, the term is now used in a more narrow sense to refer to prepolymers of thermosets (thermosetting polymers). 

Isophorone is a clear liquid with a peppermint-like odor. It evaporates faster than water but slower than charcoal starter or paint thinner, and it will not mix completely with water. Isophorone is a manmade chemical for use commercially, but it has been found to occur naturally in cranberries. It is used as a solvent in some printing inks, paints, lacquers, and adhesives. Isophorone does not remain in the air very long, but can remain in water for possibly more than 20 days. The length of time that isophorone will remain in soil is not known, but it probably is about the same as the length of time it remains in water. More information can be found in Chapters 3 and 4. 

Due to its tendency to agglomerate in dry form, natural pearl essence is handled as a 22-25% dispersion in various media (e.g., nitro-cellulose lacquer for nail... 

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