National Inhalants

Rosenberg and Sharp (National Inhalant Prevention Coalition 2003) identified four patterns of solvent use ... 

The National Inhalant Prevention Coalition (http //www.inhalants.org/) deals with the persistent problem of abuse of inhalants (such as paint thinner, glue, nail polish, and even correction fluid). Their web site describes inhalant abuse and gives tips for parents on how to spot its presence in children. 

Solvent abusers can die, sometimes after a single prolonged episode of sniffing, from either physical effects of the chemicals or dangerous behavior related to the user s impaired state of mind. The National Inhalant Prevention Coalition, a nonprofit organization based in Austin, Texas, records 100 to 125 deaths from inhalants... 

Following are examples of such chemicals, by category, listed by the National Inhalant Prevention Coalition and Kaiser Permanente ... 

How does an overlooked health risk break into the news The National Inhalant Prevention Coalition, with the support of the Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, publicizes the subject each March, during National Inhalants and Poison Awareness Week. In 1999, the American Academy of Pediatrics commissioned an inhalant abuse survey, which received a great deal of national news coverage. 

Unfortunately, the laughing gas parties and parlor tricks of the early 1800s have evolved into abuse, and nitrous oxide is one of many commonly abused inhalants in the United States. The National Inhalant Prevention Coalition reports that one in five American children have used an inhalant by eighth grade. 

National Inhalant Prevention Coalition www.inhalants.org National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) www.nida.nih.gov National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws www.norml.org Slang Terms from Drug-Free Resource Net www.drugfreeamerica.org/slang.html Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration www.samhsa.gov... 

Sudden sniffing deaths are responsible for more than half of the deaths due to inhalant abuse. This has been compared to a form of Russian roulette by Harvey Weiss, director of the National Inhalant Prevention Coalition, in which a user may die the first time they sniff, or the tenth time, or the hundredth time. If a sniffer has used inhalants before without consequence, that does not mean she does not have a chance of experiencing a cardiac arrhythmia. Sudden sniffing deaths are mostly associated with aerosols, butane, toluene, and propane. 

In Texas, where National Inhalants 8c Poisons Awareness Week has been most extensively observed, inhalant use has decreased. Between 1992 and 1994, inhalant use decreased by 30% in elementary school and was reduced more than 20% at the high-school level from state agency surveys of over 176,000 students. The National Inhalant Prevention Coalition estimates that over 100,000 students who may have used inhalants chose not to, in part because of this initiative. 

During the tenth annual National Inhalants Poisons Awareness Week in 2002, two postcards were issued by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Inhalant Prevention Coalition depicting the heart-stopping and... 

One of the chief uses of chloromethane is as a starting material from which sili cone polymers are made Dichloromethane is widely used as a paint stripper Trichloromethane was once used as an inhalation anesthetic but its toxicity caused it to be replaced by safer materials many years ago Tetrachloromethane is the starting mate rial for the preparation of several chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) at one time widely used as refrigerant gases Most of the world s industrialized nations have agreed to phase out all uses of CFCs because these compounds have been implicated m atmospheric processes that degrade the Earth s ozone layer... 

U.S. National Bureau of Standards, Further Development of a Test Methodfor the Assessment of the Mcute Inhalation Toxicity of Combustion Products, NBSIR 82-2532, Washington, D.C., June 1982. 

Magnesium vanadates, as vanadium compounds in general, are known irritants of the respiratory tract and conjunctiva. The threshold limit value (TLV) for vanadium compounds in air recommended by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health is 0.05 mg/m based on a typical 8-h workday and 40-h workweek (7,147). Chronic inhalation can lead to lung diseases such as bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, and lobar pneumonia. These dust-related effects can be avoided by use of individual respirators in areas where exposure is likely. 

Based on tests with laboratory animals, aniline may cause cancer. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CUT) conducted lifetime rodent feeding studies, and both studies found tumors of the spleen at high dosage (100 —300 mg/kg pet day of aniline chloride). CUT found no tumors at the 10—30 mg/kg per day feeding rates. The latter value is equivalent to a human 8-h inhalation level of 17—50 ppm aniline vapor. In a short term (10-d) inhalation toxicity test by Du Pont, a no-effect level of 17 ppm aniline vapor was found for rats. At high levels (47—87 ppm), there were blood-related effects which were largely reversible within a 13-d recovery period (70). 

J. F. Fabrics and co-workers. Toxicity of Powder Paints by Inhalation, Report No. 1092/RI, Institut National De Recherche Et De SncuritH (INRS), Dept, of Occupational Pathology, France, 1982. 

Mean Chemical Composition and Atmospheric Concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter Sampled by the United States Environmental Protection Agency s Inhalable Particle and National Air Surveillance Networks—/rg/m and Percentage of Total Mass Sampled, 1980... 

Health hazard due to exposure to contaminants by inhalation is the most important issue. International or national health and building regulations or codes and recommendations are used as basis for the discussion of what requirements should be used for design. In regulations, worker exposure limits for airbctrne gases are normally expressed as... 

In the USA, LTRAs have largely replaced theophylline as the incremental drug for the treatment of moderate and severe asthma, where LABA plus ICS alone do not provide adequate control. For patients with mild persistent asthma, LTRAs have been designated as a suitable substitute for low dose ICS by the National Asthma Education Panel Program (NAEPP) of the National Heart and Lung Institute (National Institutes of Health). However, inhaled ICS are more efficacious. 

Anthony JC, Warner LA, Kessler RC Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2 244—268, 1994... 

Sellers EM, Naranjo CA, Harrison M, et al Diazepam loading simplified treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34 822-826, 1983 Sharp CW Introduction to inhalant Abuse, in Inhalant Abuse A Volatile Research Agenda (NIDA Research Monograph 129). Edited by Sharp CW, Beuvais F, Spence R. Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1992, pp 1-10 Smelson DA, Losonczy MF, Davis CW, et al Risperidone decreases craving and relapses in individuals with schizophrenia and cocaine dependence. Can J Psychiatry 47 671-675, 2002... 

Stewart RD, Fisher TN, Hosko MJ, et al Experimental human exposure to methylene chloride. Arch Environ Health 25 342-348, 1972 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Preliminary Estimates from the 1995 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996 Tenenbein M, PillayN Sensory evoked potentials in inhalant (volatile solvent) abuse. J Paediatr Child Health 29 206-208, 1993... 

The oral reference dose (RfD) for trichloroethylene is currently imder review by an EPA workgroup (IRIS 1996). No inhalation reference concentration (RfC) has been derived (IRIS 1996). The National Center for Environmental Assessment, EPA has begun an effort to reassess the health risks associated with trichloroethylene. 

Abuse of phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) is a national problem that has reached epidemic proportions in urban areas of the United States. The drug is inexpensive, readily obtainable, and is usually used in combination with other drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and alcohol (Golden et al. 1982). The routes of PCP use include inhalation, ingestion and parenteral administration. 

The ICRP (1994b, 1995) developed a Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection, which contains respiratory tract deposition and clearance compartmental models for inhalation exposure that may be applied to particulate aerosols of americium compounds. The ICRP (1986, 1989) has a biokinetic model for human oral exposure that applies to americium. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) has also developed a respiratory tract model for inhaled radionuclides (NCRP 1997). At this time, the NCRP recommends the use of the ICRP model for calculating exposures for radiation workers and the general public. Readers interested in this topic are referred to NCRP Report No. 125 Deposition, Retention and Dosimetry of Inhaled Radioactive Substances (NCRP 1997). In the appendix to the report, NCRP provides the animal testing clearance data and equations fitting the data that supported the development of the human mode for americium. 

NCRP. 1997. Deposition, retention and dosimetry of inhaled radioactive substances. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measures. Bethesda, MD. Report No. 125. http //www.ncrp.com. 

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