Sampling suspended particulate matter

New sampling methods are also required for the monitoring of solid samples. The Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) of Germany has developed devices for sampling suspended particulate matter and sediments. In both purposes, sampling and freezing are carried out in the field. For example, Fig. 15 shows the device used in sediment monitoring [48]. 

Mean Chemical Composition and Atmospheric Concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter Sampled by the United States Environmental Protection Agency s Inhalable Particle and National Air Surveillance Networks—/rg/m and Percentage of Total Mass Sampled, 1980... 

Bates et al. [35] collected suspended particulate matter from river water and wastewater effluents using high speed continuous flow centrifugation, and analysed the isolated solids for hydrocarbons. The results were compared with those obtained on samples obtained by glass filter filtration. It was concluded that the use of a continuance flow centrifuge allows the concentration of organic associated with suspended particulate matter to be estimated more accurately. 

The PEG, MCPEG and DCPEG metabolites were monitored in marine, estuarine, river and wastewater near and in the Italian river Tiber. Water samples were analysed by LC—ES—MS analysis. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) was also analysed, but none of the metabolites was detected in this matrix. 

Weekly samples of respirable (j<3.5 pm A.D., 50% cut) suspended particulate matter were collected in New York City from January, 1978 through August, 1979. 

Source Apportionment Models for the Cyclohexane-Soluble Fraction of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to determine the coefficients of the source tracers for the models proposed for CYC in equations (7)-(9). These models are shown in Table IV. As expected from the factor analyses, the coefficient for V, accounting for the greatest proportion of the variance of CYC, was fitted first into the equation. Equation (14) was the simplest and the F value was slightly higher than for equations (15) and (16). In addition, as will be discussed later in this paper, the coefficient for PB was in reasonable agreement with the ratio of CYC /PB for samples collected in the Allegheny Tunnel. 

We are grateful to Dr. W. R. Pierson of the Ford Motor Company for providing samples of suspended particulate matter which were collected in the Allegheny Tunnel. We thank Dr. M. T. Kleinman, University of Southern California, for his comments and suggestions. 

The distributions of the contributions of roads and soil to total suspended particulate matter (TSP) are shown in Figure 12. The figure shows that soil contributed a mean of 39% of the TSP and roads 12% during the summer sampling period in 1978. The distributions show that on individual days soil contributed up to about 70% of the TSP and roads up to about 30%. 

Figure 17.17. Principal component analysis map of sample (left) and color-coded spectra (right) from a sample of marine suspended particulate matter. The lower three spectra are characteristic of low organic mineral phases, while the upper three organic phases have distinctively different C-NEXAFS spectra. Background regions are shown in black (J. Brandes, unpublished data 2007). See color insert.

Very few data is available for PBDEs in water of the PRD. A recent study reported PBDE concentrations in five paired subsurface layer (lm) and micro-surface layer water samples in Hong Kong. The total PBDE (eight congeners) concentrations ranged from 11.3 to 62.3 pg-1 in the dissolved phase and from 26.2 to 32.5 pg-1 in the suspended particulate matter. BDE 28, 47, and 100 were the most abundant congeners, with no BDE 209 detected. This was different from those reported in San Francisco... 

One approach to help overcome this disparity between spot and passive sampling data is to use additional water quality data. If average values of DOC, suspended particulate matter, and total organic carbon content are known, it may be possible to estimate the total concentration using empirical relationships that describe the distribution of a chemical between the different phases that may be present in an environmental water sample.121 There is, however, uncertainty associated with this approach, as a number of assumptions are made in the calculations and a better understanding of the partitioning behavior of priority pollutants between the different phases is needed. 

Heemken et al. [90] compared ASE and SFE with Soxhlet, sonication, and methanolic saponificaion extraction (MSE) for the extraction of PAHs, aliphatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons from a certified marine sediment samples, and four suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples. Average PAH recovery in three different samples using SFE was between 96 and 105% of that by Soxhlet, sonication, and MSE for ASE the recovery was between 97 and 108%. Compared to the certified values of sediment HS-6, the average recoveries of SFE and ASE were 87 and 88% for most compounds the results were within the limits of confidence. For alkanes, SFE recovery was between 93 and 115%, and ASE recovery was between 94 and 107% of that by Soxhlet, sonication, and MSE. While the natural water content of the SPM sample (56%) led to insufficient recovery by ASE and SFE, quantitative extractions were achieved in SFE after addition of anhydrous sodium sulfate to the sample. 

DEHP has been detected in indoor dust samples. 0ie et al. (1997) reported that sedimented dust samples from 38 dwellings in Oslo, Norway contained an average of 640 g/mg sedimented dust (100 1,610 g/g), while suspended particulate matter from six dwellings contained an average of 600 g/g (24 94 g/g). 

Figure 1. Sampling points for fuels (1 and 2), ESP fly ash (5), ash slurries (6 and 8), sluice water (7), sediment and water (9), organic vapors (3 and 4), and suspended particulate matter (4).

Figure 3 shows the decay in the concentration of S(IV) for rain water collected at Hiyoshi, Yokohama. Five mL of 2.5 mM (S(IV) solution was added to 195 mL of rain water, and the initial concentration of S(IV) was adjusted to 62.5 pM. The decay of S(IV) concentration was linear as seen in Figure 3. This is consistent with a first order reaction with respect to S(IV). A difference of oxidation rate between filtrated and non-filtrated samples was observed. The high oxidation rates in the non-filtrated rain water is assumed to be due to the presence of suspended particulate matter.

The samples are placed, usually immediately after being collected, in different types of containers made of plastic, aluminium or other metals, glass, etc., depending on their future use and the storage temperatures. In this preliminary phase the BCAA decided to use polycarbonate containers for soils, sediments, moss and algae polystyrene containers for filters collecting marine suspended particulate matter polystyrene Petri capsule for filters with atmospheric particulate matter low-density polyethylene (LDPE) containers for snows and polyethylene bags for pack-ice core. 

Suspended particulate matter can be analyzed after depositing it on high-purity In [641]. With detection limits at the sub-pg/g level data for 53 elements in a 10 mg sample were obtained, which proved to agree by better than a factor of 2 for 34 elements with results from other techniques. Atmospheric particulate matter was subjected to analysis by GD-MS by Schelles and Van Grieken [642]. Air was pumped through a single-orifice impactor stage in which the aerosol was collected on a metal support, which was then used as the cathode in the GD unit. 

Figure 3.1 Distributions of salinity, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and dissolved oxygen determined during axial samplings of the Clyde (8/92 ebb tide, river flow including tributary inputs -152 m s ) and Humber (1/88 flood tide, river flow = 234m s- ). Solid lines denote near surface measurements and broken lines denote near bottom measurements. Distance is measured from the weir at Glasgow on the Clyde and from Trent Falls on the Humber.

Seawater, available at the premises of the Royal Netherlands Navy s Chemical Laboratory, was sub-sampled. This coastal seawater was initially collected at about lOm water depth, in the nearby tidal channel (Marsdiep). The water passed a sand filter directly after collection, in order to remove larger particles and organisms. About lOm seawater was thus collected in a glass-fibre tank and transported to the TNO Laboratory for Applied Marine Research, at Den Helder, where it was contained in a concrete basin, treated with a metal-free paint. In this basin the suspended particulate matter was allowed to settle for 4 weeks. This water served as source material for the candidate CRM, and had a salinity of 28 %o. 

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