National Comorbidity Survey

Anthony JC, Warner LA, Kessler RC Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2 244—268, 1994... 

Chen CY, Wagner FA, Anthony JC Marijuana use and the risk of major depressive episode epidemiological evidence from the United States National Comorbidity Survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 37 199-206, 2002... 

With a lifetime prevalence of 28.8%, anxiety disorders collectively represent the most prevalent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)2 class of disorders, with specific phobia (12.5%) and social anxiety disorder (12.1%) being the most common.3 Recent reports from the National Comorbidity Survey Revised (NCS-R) estimate the lifetime and 1-year prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) for those 18 years of age and older to be 5.7% and 3.1%, respectively.3,4 Rates for panic disorder (PD) are slightly lower, with an estimated 12-month prevalence of 2.7% and lifetime prevalence of 4.7%. 

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Dernier O, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of the DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005 62 593-602. 

R. C. Kessler, K. A. McGonagle, S. Zhao, et al., Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 51, 8 (1994). 

Kessler, R. C., Stein, M. B., Berglund, P. (1998). Social phobia subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 613—619. 

Blazer DG, Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz MS. (1994). The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry. July 151 7979-86. 

Bland RC, Orn H, Newman SC (1988b) Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77(Suppl 338) 24-32 Bourdon KH, Boyd JH, Rae DS, Burns BJ, Thompson JW, Locke BZ (1988) Gender differences in phobias results of the ECA community study. J Anxiety Disord 2 227-241 Breslau N, KUbey MM, Andreski P (1994) DSM-lll-R nicotine dependence in yoimg adults prevalence, correlates and associated psychiatric disorders. Addiction 89 743-754 Bromet E, Sonnega A, Kessler RC (1998) Risk factors for DSM-lll-R posttraumatic stress disorder findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Epidemiol 147 353-361 Brown TA, Barlow DH (2002) Classification of anxiety and mood disorders. In Barlow D (ed) Anxiety and its disorders the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic, 2nd edn. Guillford Press, New York, pp 292-327... 

Kendler KS, Davis CG, Kessler RC (1997) The familial aggregation of common psychiatric and substance use disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey a family history study. Br J Psychiatry 170 541-548... 

Wittchen HU, Zhao S, Kessler RC, Eaton WW (1994) DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51 355-364 Wittchen HU, Nelson CB, Lachner G (1998a) Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med 28 109-126 Wittchen HU, Reed V, Kessler RC (1998b) The relationship of agoraphobia and panic in a community sample of adolescents and yoimg adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 1017-1024... 

Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB (1995) Posttraumaticstress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 1048-1060 Kessler RC, Stang PE, Wittchen HU, Ustun TB, Roy-Burne PP, Walters EE (1998) Lifetime panic-depression comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 801-808... 

Magee WJ, Eaton WW, Wittchen HU, McGonagle KA, Kessler RC (1996) Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 159-168... 

Kessler, R.C. and Walters, E.E. (1998) Epidemiology of DSM-III-R major depression and minor depression among adolescents and young adults in the National Comorbidity Survey. Depress Anxiety 7 3-14. 

Children and adults with PTSD commonly meet criteria for other psychiatric disorders (Breslau et ah, 1991 Goenjian et ah, 1995 Brady, 1997 De Beilis, 1997). In the adult PTSD literature, comorbidity is clearly the rule rather than the exception and multiple comorbidities are the rule within the rule. Kessler et al. (1995) provide data from interviews with over 6000 individuals ages 15-54 in the National Comorbidity Survey indicating that 88% of men and 79% of women with PTSD had at least one comorbid disorder. Affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders are the most common comorbid conditions in individuals with PTSD (Kessler et ah, 1995 Brady, 1997 Solomon and Bleich, 1998). 

Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., and Nelson, CB. (1995) Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 1048—1060. 

Kessler, R., Crum, R., Warner, L., Nelson, C., and Schulenberg, J. (1997) Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM III-R abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 54 313-321. 

Kessler, R. C., P. Berglund, O. Dernier, R. Jin, D. Koretz, K. R. Merikangas, A. J. Rush, E. E. Walters, and P. S. Wang. The Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) Journal of the American Medical Association 289(23) (2003) 3095-3105. 

Kessler, R. C., P. Stang, H. U. Wittchen, M. Stein, and E. E. Walters. Lifetime Co-morbidities Between Social Phobia and Mood Disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine 29(3) (1999) 555-567. 

The Epidemiologic Catchment Area study found that MDD has a 1-month prevalence of 2.2% and a lifetime prevalence of 5.8% in Americans 18 years of age and older (4). However, the most recent estimate from the National Comorbidity Survey is that the 1-year prevalence rate for unipolar major depression and dysthymia is 10.3% among community residents 15 to 54 years of age (5), which translates into approximately 27 million Americans suffering from either condition in a given year. 

Blazer DG, Kessler RC, Swartz MS (1998) Epidemiology of recurrent major and minor depression with a seasonal pattern. The National Comorbidity Survey. Br J Psychiatry 172 164—167. 

Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz M, Blazer DG, Nelson CB (1993) Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey 1 Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. J Affect Disord 29 85-96. 

A picture of the nature and extent of mental illness in the United States was provided in the recent National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) (Kessler, Bcrglund, Dernier, Jin, Walters, 2005 Kessler, Chiu, Dernier, Walters, 2005 Wang, Bcrglund, ct al., 2005 Wang, Lane, et al., 2005), a national household survey of over 9,000 adults (age 18 and older). The survey focused on four major categories... 

Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Dernier, O., Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617-627. 

Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, et al Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic a double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 789-796,1988 Kane JM, Jeste DV, Barnes TRE, et al Tardive Dyskinesia A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1992 Karayalcin G, Rosner F, Sawitsky A Pseudoneutropenia in Negroes a normal phenomenon. N Y State J Med 72 1815-1817,1972 Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51 8-19, 1994... 

Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Am J Psychiatry 2006 163(4) 716 23. 

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