National problems

M. B. Sikora, Tire Kecove and Disposal, A. National Problem With Neir Solutions, Resource Recovery Report, Washington, D.C., June 1986. 

Environmental risk commmiication is one of the more important problems that industry faces. Since tlie mid 1980s, public concerns about the environment liave grown faster Uian concern about virtually any other national problem. There are two major categories or risk nonfixable and fixable. Nonfixable risks... 

The most valuable attribute of the laboratories is the vast human and physical resources that can be called upon to solve national problems of great complexity and scope. However, without a national problem or crisis on the horizon, as was the case in the 1990s, the vast funding needed to tnaintain this national resource comes into question. And since the laboratories are all funded almost exclusively by federal dollars, the ultimate customer is the U.S. taxpayer, a taxpayer who asks What have I received for my investment Wliat can I hope for in the future ... 

Abuse of phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) is a national problem that has reached epidemic proportions in urban areas of the United States. The drug is inexpensive, readily obtainable, and is usually used in combination with other drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and alcohol (Golden et al. 1982). The routes of PCP use include inhalation, ingestion and parenteral administration. 

However, the point here is not to detail aU the plusses and minuses of orlistat but to focus attention on the national problem of overweight and obesity in the United States. 

Clearly, the occurrence of marine toxins is a national problem impacting on commercial and recreational fisheries and involving both traditional species and those scheduled for development. The NMFS looks to the research leaders in this area to help in overcoming these problems so that the species of concern can be dealt with effectively. Although the total funding for research has been reduced the past two years, NMFS will continue to support, to the extent possible, research efforts in this area. 

Modern man is becoming more and more aware that he is only one part of a very complex system. Energy problems are simultaneously environmental and economic problems. Issues cannot be compartmentalized. Nor are issues clearly good or bad for the nation. In solving complex national problems, policymakers must be aware of tradeoffs and costs of alternate actions. How these tradeoffs and actions are structured depends on the quality and breadth of knowledge of our nation s policymakers and their constituents. ... 

Also, the release of wastewater into natural environmental reservoirs is another concern recycling of wastewater is already in progress in countries where the lack of water is a national problem [4]. Finally, academic interest exists because the study of these AOTs allows testing the application of some physical and chemical laws and engineering theories (mass, energy, and/or radiation conservation equations, kinetic modeling, absorption theories, etc.) to the environmental problems of water treatment. 

Ferraro JR, Basile LJ (1978) Fourier transform infrared application to national problems In Ferraro JR, Basile U (eds) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - applications to chemical systems, Vol 4 Academic Press, New York, 275-302 Ferraro JR, Rein AJ (1985) Application of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the far-infrared region In Ferraro JR, Basile LJ (eds) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -applications to chemical systems, Vol 4 Academic Press, New York, 244-282 Frank IE, Feikema J, Constantine N, Kowalski BR (1984) Prediction of product quality from spectral data using the partial least squares method J Chem Inf Comput Sci 24 20-24 Fuller MP, Griffiths PR (1980) Infrared microsampling by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform spectrometry Appl Spectrosc 34 533-539... 

The Bush report argued that R D could help address important national problems, and it called for a government-supported National Research Eoundation to support R D for both civilian and military purposes. This report codified the linear model of innovation, in which investments in basic research could be expected to produce useful outcomes. The report and its supporters envisioned a system in which government would support academic research and industry would exploit the results for practical ends. 

National level - against regional, supra-national problems (e.g. acidification, eutrophication, ground ozone - processes covered by the Geneva Convention). 

Local level - against national or sub-national problems (to reduce local pollution concentration, to control emission from means of transport in city zones, after removal of technical barriers that do not allow emissions to be connected with location). 

There currently is little dissent from the discovery of an alleged new National Problem a decline in industrial innovation in the United States, stemming from the asserted reluctance of American companies to perform basic research on their own, or even use much of the existing research data already financed by the government. The Carter administration has been considering what Assistant Commerce Secretary Jordan Baruch calls "a wide range of tools with which to motivate the private sector s behavior with respect to the rate and direction of the innovation process." (1 )... 

The burden of proof must always be borne by people who claim to see a "national problem" requiring government action. Government action often means government favors to those who can put an attractive label on their problem. "National security" is an old favorite, used, W example, by the oil companies in the 1950s and 1960s to justify import quotas to protect their domestic prices. "Innovation lag" is the latest label in search of a favor. 

The issue of pesticide waste disposal has been recognized as a national problem for years, yet today remains as one of the foremost problems confronting most pesticide users. In any Extension meeting that addresses pesticide safety issues, the most frequently discussed topic is that of pesticide waste disposal. The undisputable fact is that adequate hazardous waste disposal facilities do not presently exist for small volume pesticide users. Improper, albeit not necessarily irresponsible, handling of pesticide wastes and containers often results in unacceptable levels of environmental contamination and excessive exposure to the applicators themselves. 

Automotive production activity is now increasingly globalised, as are also the lubricant companies and their lubricant products, and also the additive companies. The players are now global businesses with common issues to address, well beyond regional and national problems. Whilst European lubricant methods continue to evolve, they increasingly converge with United States and international practice. It is accepted that quality classifications cannot be developed and maintained on poor test procedures, therefore the initial focus was ... 

Chemistry is both a central science and an enabling science. It is often called on to provide scientific solutions for national problems. Chemistry plays a key role in conquering diseases, solving energy problems, ameliorating environmental problems, providing the discoveries that lead to new... 

Scarpino, Great River, pp. 160—161 W. Murphy, Industrial Wastes...A Chemical Engineering Approach to a National Problem, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 39, pp. 557-558 (1947) K. B. Brooks, Before Earth Day The Origins of American Environmental Law, J945—J970 (University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, 2009), pp. 28-29, 53-... 

A recent national public opinion survey (1) conducted by the National Agricultural Chemicals Association (NACA) revealed that 47% of all Americans believe that pesticides and farm fertilizers are a "major national problem " 55% include chemicals in drinking water in this category and 48% of all Americans also consider pollution of underground water as a "major national problem." These results reinforce the timeliness and importance of this three-day symposium. 

As mentioned at the beginning of this presentation, the industry public opinion survey (O revealed that about half of the U.S. population believes pollution of underground water is a major national problem. Seven out of 10 believe fertilizers and pesticides used on farms are at least a minor cause of such pollution and 23% think they are a major cause. What factors contribute to these beliefs as expressed in the survey ... 

---