Area method

GAPT (generalized atomic polar tensor) a charge calculation method GB/SA (generalized Born/surface area) method for computing solvation effects... 

FIG. 25-68 Area method for landfilling sohdwastes. a) Pictorial view of completed landfill, (h) Section through landfill. 

Defuzzification is the procedure for mapping from a set of inferred fuzzy control signals contained within a fuzzy output window to a non-fuzzy (crisp) control signal. The centre of area method is the most well known defuzzification technique, which in linguistic terms can be expressed as... 

Note For the centre of area method, use only those values inside the dotted lines in the output window. 

ISO 3966. Measurements of fluid flow in closed conduits—Velocity area method using Pitot static tube. 1977, p. 39. 

ISO Standard 3966. Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits—Velocity Area Method Using Pitot Static Tubes. International Organisation fot Standardisation, 1977. 

Using the peak area method, prepare a standard solution in which the amounts of each component will approximate the amounts found in the sample being analyzed. From the standard solution, obtain the GC peak areas for each component. Assign to one of the major components a relative response factor (RF) of 1.0. This component is the reference. The response factors for the other components are obtained in the following manner. 

It was demonstrated that for a fixed pumping power, the overall thermal resistance for a two-layered micro-channel stack is 30% less than for a one-layered micro-channel due to doubling of the heat transfer area. Methods for optimizing the thermal performance of micro-channel heat sinks were discussed by Kim (2004). 

The spot-area method is the simplest, most rapid, and most inexpensive, though it is less accurate. Usually, a linear relationship between the amount of analyte and the size (or area) of the spot exists. This relationship has been utihzed by several workers for semiquantitative determination of inorganic species [22,25,40,44,45,47-51]. 

The equal area method is the simplest method used for calculating the amount of reinforcement required, and is allowed in most design codes and standards. The principle used is to provide reinforcement local to the opening, equal in cross-sectional area to the area removed in forming the opening, Figure 13.13. If the actual thickness of the vessel... 

If anything, the equal area method tends to over-estimate the compensation required and in some instances the additional material can reduce the fatigue life of the vessel. More sophisticated methods for determining the compensation required have been introduced into the latest editions of the codes and standards. 

The equal-area method is generally used for estimating the increase in thickness required to compensate for multiple openings. 

S. K. Niazi, S. M. Alam, and S. I. Ahmad, Patial area method in bioequivalence assessment naproxen, Biopharm Drug Dispos., 18, 103 (1997). 

Popendorf et al. (1975) suggested a relationship between respiratory exposure and organic foliar dust released from the foliage due to crop disturbance therefore, it was hypothesized that crop density may be associated with both dermal and respiratory exposure. However, in the present study, no such relationship could be observed. This may be due to the large variation in the method used to determine crop volumes. Improvement of the crop-volume/leaf-surface-area method may contribute to the clarification of whether crop density can be considered a determinant of re-entry exposure. 

Gallo et al. [49] developed the area method for calculation of partition coefficients for both blood flow-limited and membrane-limited compartments. 

JM Gallo, FC Lam, DG Perrier. Area method for the estimation of partition coefficients used in physiological pharmacokinetic models. J Pharmacokin Biopharm 15 271-280, 1987. 

The types of intrinsic dissolution profiles obtainable through the loose powder and constant surface area methods are shown in Fig. 19. Oxy-phenbutazone was obtained as the crystalline anhydrate and monohydrate forms, with the monohydrate being the less soluble [129]. The loose powder dissolution profiles consisted of sharp initial increases, which gradually leveled off as the equilibrium solubility was reached. In the absence of supporting information, the solubility difference between the two species cannot be adequately understood until equilibrium solubility conditions are reached. In addition, the shape of the data curves is not amenable to quantitative mathematical manipulation. The advantage of the constant surface area method is evident in that its dissolution profiles are linear with time, and more easily compared. Additional information about the relative surface areas or particle size distributions of the two materials is not required, since these differences were eliminated when the analyte disc was prepared. 

The dose modifications based on body surface area provide a better approximation of dose than the dose based on body weight. The general equation to calculate the child s dose by the surface area method is as follows ... 

Fractal Dimensions of Self-Affine Fractal Electrodes Determined by the Perimeter-Area Method (2nd Column), the Peak-Current Method (3rd Column), and the Triangulation... 

In their works,51"54 the self-similar fractal dimension dF>ss of the two-dimensional distribution of the pits was determined by the analysis of the digitized SEM images using the perimeter-area method. The value of dF>ss increased with increasing solution temperature,51 and it was inversely proportional to the pit shape parameter and the pit growth rate parameter.53 Keeping in mind that dr>ss is inversely proportional to the increment of the pit area density, these results can be accounted for in terms of the fact that the increment of the pit area density is more decelerated with rising solution temperature. 

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