Chlorine-containing compounds

In marine environments, chloride deposition is in the form of droplets or crystals formed by evaporation of spray that has been carried by wind from the sea. As the distance from the shore increases, this deposition decreases as the droplets and crystals are filtered off when the wind passes through vegetation or when the particles settle by gravity. 

Other important sources of chloride emission are coal bimiing, municipal incinerators, and deicers and dust binders on roads. Most coals have a chlorine content of 0.09-0.15%. Values as high as 0.7% have been foimd in high-chlorine coals. The combustion of these coals produces an emission of gaseous hydrogen chloride (HQ) that is highly soluble in water and strongly acidifies the aqueous phase. 

Many industrial processes, such as bleaching plants in pulp and paper industries, certain metal production facilities, and cleaning detergents, emit chlorine (CI2). 

CI2 can photodissociate into chlorine radicals that react with organic compounds (RH) to form HCl  

Carbon dioxide occurs naturally in the atmosphere in a concentration of 0.03-0.05% by volume. This concentration varies with the time of day and the season of the year. The above percentages correspond to a concentration on the order of 10 mol/L when at equilibrium in tire water film, if the pH value is 6 or lower. 

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Most chlorine-containing compounds can be converted to give chloride ions, for example covalent chlorides by hydrolysis, chlorates by reduction. The chloride ion is then tested for thus ... 

This example can be used in reverse to show the usefulness of looking for such isotopes. Suppose there were an unknown sample that had two molecular ion peaks in the ratio of 3 1 that were two mass units apart then it could reasonably be deduced that it was highly likely the unknown contained chlorine. In this case, the isotope ratio has been used to identify a chlorine-containing compound. This use of mass spectrometry is widespread in general analysis of materials, and it... 

There is a curious irony in the nomination of hypochlorite as an environmentally benign oxidizing agent. It comes at a time of increasing pressure to eliminate chlorine and chlorine-containing compounds from the environment to as great a degree as possible. Any all-inclusive assault on chlorine needs to... 

Name the chlorine-containing compounds that have the following chemical formulas MgCl2, C0CI3, PCI3, S11CI2, SnCl4, and GeC. ... 

This structure looks nothing like the structures of chlorine-containing compounds used in industrial processes. In fact, no dioxin is deliberately manufactured anywhere in the diverse chlorine industry. Nevertheless, dioxins are of concern for two reasons First, dioxins appear to be inevitable trace by-products of some reactions involving chlorine, particularly combustion and second, dioxins accumulate in the biosphere, where they have highly deleterious effects. 

Trace amounts of chlorine suppress the total oxidation. This effect was discovered inadvertently when the selectivity of the process in an industrial plant rose spontaneously from one day to the other. Analysis of the catalyst revealed traces of chlorine, originating from a newly commissioned neighboring chlorine plant. Consequently, small amounts of a chlorine-containing compound, such as ethylene dichloride, are nowadays added to the feed. 

In one procedure that has been widely used, the sample, after suitable treatment, is refluxed with sodium and isopropyl alcohol, after which the solution is diluted with water and the inorganic chloride is determined by standard methods (13, 54) The method has been adopted by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists 29, 30) as a tentative one for technical DDT and for dusts, oil solutions, and aqueous emulsions of DDT, for use in the absence of other chlorine-containing compounds. The National Association of Insecticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers has also accepted the total-chlorine method for the analysis of these preparations 28). Essentially the same procedures have been described by Donovan 22), of the Insecticide Division of the Production and Marketing Administration, for technical DDT and various commercial DDT products containing no other compounds interfering with the chlorine determination. 

Schnaak et al. [4] Polychlorinated terphenyls, naphthalenes, chloropesticides, halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents (BTEX), chlorobenzenes, poly aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA 610), phenols, chlorophenols, phthalates, petroleum hydrocarbons, LAS and nonylphenol (NP), organotin compounds and 2,4-dichloroaniline 1 pg/kg to 10 mg/kg for chlorine-contained compounds 10 pg/kg to 1 g/kg for solvent and phenols 1 mg/kg to 10 g/kg for EPA610, DEHP, LAS, and mineral oils Sewage sludge... 

May not be suitable for some corrosive chemicals (e.g., most chlorine-containing compounds). 

Chlorine containing compounds such as hexachloroethane are often added to star compositions because metal-chloride species such as CuCl are relatively stable in the flames and because the emission wavelengths shift in such a way as to produce better colours. 

Similar reactions occur with many other chlorine-containing compounds, BCI3 being produced (see Boron Trichloride reactions). Anhydrous borax and BCI3 are obtained when it is heated with sodium chloride at 800°C ... 

No new chlorine-containing compounds were identified as having originated from the addition of chlorine to the blank water. 

Add the chlorine-containing compound and any fillers to the mixture and continue mixing until the entire mixture is homogeneous. A dry, free-flowing granular product should be obtained with this method. 

Several thousand chlorine-containing compounds are known and have been synthesized. A select group is included for description here to provide a cross section of the most important of these compounds. The number in brackets following each heading, where appropriate, is the Chemical Abstracts Service Registration number. 

Later experiments by Kokochashvili showed that HCL also has some, albeit weaker, flegmatizing effect in CO combustion. The experiments show that the action of chlorine-containing compounds is due not only to hydrogen bonding, but also to participation of atoms and radicals in combustion recombination processes. Note made in proof (1943— Editor s note). 

Wan, J. K. S., Ph.D. thesis, Primary Process Studies in Mercury Photosensitization Chlorine Containing Compounds, University of Alberta, 1962. 

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