Naming the Factors

Each group was asked to define what each of the factors meant. This generated much discussion and many attempts. Their suggested titles are summarized in Table 8.4. 

Proactive accident prevention No compromise-zero tolerance 

Management of the safety process Are the rules being followed  

Safety process impiementation Equal safety checks 

Management s commitment to safety Work, practice, evaluation, and improvement 

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Name the factors that can affect the equilibrium of a reaction. 

In 1878, the "fragments" identified by Pasteur were named enzymes by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kuhne. In 1897, Eduard Buchner, a German chemist, accidentally discovered that a yeast juice could convert sucrose to ethanol. He was able to show that the sugar was fermented even in the absence of living yeast cells in the mixture, and named the factor responsible for the fermentation of sucrose zymase. In 1907, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The 40 years of biochemical research that followed yielded the details of the chemical reactions of fermentation. 

Two aspects of scheme 1 will be addressed here, namely the factors which determine the limiting selectivity in terms of the ratio of kl to k2 and secondly the factors which determine the limiting selectivity in terms of the ratio of kl to k3. The selectivity at 30% conversion will be taken as measure of kl to k2 and the selectivity at zero to 10% conversion will be taken as a measure of kl to k3. 

The thermodynamic analyses described provide an important quantitative understanding of impurity incorporation from solution, namely, the factors affecting the separation can be broken into two parts related to (1) the relative liquid phase behavior of solute and impurities and (2) the relative solid-state host-guest complementarity. This can be more generally stated, as... 

What are stability and lability in complexes or other molecules Name the factors that determine these characteristics. 

HISTORY. In 1922, Evans and Bishop, of the University of California, discovered that a fat-soluble dietary factor (then called factor X) in lettuce and wheat germ was essential for successful reproduction in rats. In 1924, Sure, of the University of Arkansas, named the factor vitamin E. In 1936, Evans and co-workers isolated crystalline vitamin E from wheat germ oil and named it tocopherol, from the Creek words tokos (offspring) and pherein (to bear), meaning to bear offspring. In 1938, the vitamin was first synthesized by the Swiss chemist, Karrer. 

Because we were not confident in the 20 factors proposed by the Minnesota team, we conducted a principal-components factor analysis of the database. We engaged a mathematical statistician, Marilyn Monda, to assist us with this process. A factor analysis is a statistical process that looks in the database for groups of questions that correlate. This process allows us to define sets of questions that are related to each other. We call these question sets factors. Our factor analysis indicated that the original Minnesota survey measured six factors. Rather than name the factors immediately, we decided to conduct focus-group research with survey respondents in order to better understand the factors. 

In Chapter 8 we described activities of a set of focus groups that helped us understand and name the factors. These focus groups actually had two tasks. After the naming of the factors, their second task was to look at the weaknesses that were revealed by the survey and help us develop an improvement plan. The process was a basic interactive planning process (Ackoff 1981), in which the group looked at the current condition, the... 

Name the factors that catalyse atmospheric oxidation of I ion. 

Like the curl condition is reminiscent of the Yang-Mills field, the quantization just mentioned is reminiscent of a study by Wu and Yang [76] for the quantization of Dirac s magnetic monopole [77-78]. As will be shown, the present quantization conditions just like the Wu and Yang conditions result from a phase factor, namely, the exponential of a phase and not just from a phase. 

The canonical ensemble is the name given to an ensemble for constant temperature, number of particles and volume. For our purposes Jf can be considered the same as the total energy, (p r ), which equals the sum of the kinetic energy (jT(p )) of the system, which depends upon the momenta of the particles, and the potential energy (T (r )), which depends upon tlie positions. The factor N arises from the indistinguishability of the particles and the factor is required to ensure that the partition function is equal to the quantum mechanical result for a particle in a box. A short discussion of some of the key results of statistical mechanics is provided in Appendix 6.1 and further details can be found in standard textbooks. 

Of the adjustable parameters in the Eyring viscosity equation, kj is the most important. In Sec. 2.4 we discussed the desirability of having some sort of natural rate compared to which rates of shear could be described as large or small. This natural standard is provided by kj. The parameter kj entered our theory as the factor which described the frequency with which molecules passed from one equilibrium position to another in a flowing liquid. At this point we will find it more convenient to talk in terms of the period of this vibration rather than its frequency. We shall use r to symbolize this period and define it as the reciprocal of kj. In addition, we shall refer to this characteristic period as the relaxation time for the polymer. As its name implies, r measures the time over which the system relieves the applied stress by the relative slippage of the molecules past one another. In summary. 

Varietal labeling is an important quaUty factor in the United States, and indirectly elsewhere because only certain specific varieties are planted in each prestigious foreign area. U.S. law currently requires that 75% of the wine must come from the V. vinifera variety named on the label. Concord-type varieties only require 51%, owing to their intense, distinctive flavor. If more than one variety is named, the relative amounts must total 100%. 

The value of tire heat transfer coefficient of die gas is dependent on die rate of flow of the gas, and on whether the gas is in streamline or turbulent flow. This factor depends on the flow rate of tire gas and on physical properties of the gas, namely the density and viscosity. In the application of models of chemical reactors in which gas-solid reactions are caiTied out, it is useful to define a dimensionless number criterion which can be used to determine the state of flow of the gas no matter what the physical dimensions of the reactor and its solid content. Such a criterion which is used is the Reynolds number of the gas. For example, the characteristic length in tire definition of this number when a gas is flowing along a mbe is the diameter of the tube. The value of the Reynolds number when the gas is in streamline, or linear flow, is less than about 2000, and above this number the gas is in mrbulent flow. For the flow... 

The calculation of the cylinder displacement is a straightforward geometric procedure. It is the product of three factors, namely, the piston area minus rod area (when appropriate), the stroke, and the number of strokes in a given time. There are four options, which can be covered b three equations. 

The factors that favour successful industrial innovation have been memorably analysed by a team at the Science Policy Research Unit at Sussex University, in England (Rothwell et al. 1974). In this project (named SAPPHO) 43 pairs of attempted similar innovations one successful in each pair, one a commercial failure - were critically compared, in order to derive valid generalisations. One conclusion was The responsible individuals (i.e., technical innovator, business innovator, chief executive, and - especially - product champion) in the successful attempts are usually more senior and have greater authority than their counterparts who fail . 

The change does not need to be reviewed and approved by the same individuals who reviewed and approved the original document. The important factor is that the same functions or organizations review and approve the change. The reason is to subject the document to the same scrutiny as the original by personnel as qualified as those who examined the original. Providing your procedures specify the review and approval authorities in terms of functions or positions and not names, the requirement is easily satisfied. 

To gather information about the factors which contributed to the above incident, interviews were held with the workers and their management. Relevant documentation such as standard operating procedures and documentation relating to the incident was also collected. A task analysis (see Case Study 3) of the job of the top floor person was carried out in order to examine the operations involved and the factors which could affect job performance. Two techniques were used for the analysis of this incident, namely variation tree analysis and root cause analysis. 

If K = 1 K, a = 0.25 nm, and z = 3, X = 30nm at 300 K, so that for a film 1 nm thick, the field increases the rate of growth by a factor of about 10 The term in the growth law due to the field, namely exp (K/X), is large only when X is small. Because of this a thin oxide film can form even at low temperatures where the ordinary rate of entry of ions into the oxide, is negligible. As the film thickens, the factor exp /X) decreases rapidly, and the rate of growth soon falls to such a low value that, for practical purposes, oxidation has ended. 

In Section 1.4 it was assumed that the rate equation for the h.e.r. involved a parameter, namely the transfer coefficient a, which was taken as approximately 0-5. However, in the previous consideration of the rate of a simple one-step electron-transfer process the concept of the symmetry factor /3 was introduced, and was used in place of a, and it was assumed that the energy barrier was almost symmetrical and that /3 0-5. Since this may lead to some confusion, an attempt will be made to clarify the situation, although an adequate treatment of this complex aspect of electrode kinetics is clearly impossible in a book of this nature and the reader is recommended to study the comprehensive work by Bockris and Reddy. ... 

Replacing the H-atoms by alkyl radicals, that is, replacing / by the generating series r(x) of the alkyl radicals (as in Sec. 58) and representing the m C-atoms of the initial compound by the factor X , we get the generating function of the special disubstituted paraffins discussed here, namely... 

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