Naming compounds anions

The name of an ionic compound consists of two words. The first word names the cation and the second names the anion. This is, of course, the same order in which the ions appear in the formula. 

D.1 Names of Cations D.2 Names of Anions D.3 Names of Ionic Compounds D.4 Names of Inorganic Molecular Compounds D.5 Names of Some Common Organic Compounds... 

There are many different polyatomic anions, including several that are abundant in nature. Each is a stable chemical species that maintains its stmcture in the solid state and in aqueous solution. Polyatomic anions are treated as distinct units when writing chemical formulas, naming compounds, or drawing molecular pictures. The names, formulas, and charges of the more common polyatomic anions are listed in Table 3-4. You should memorize the common polyatomic ions because they appear regularly throughout this textbook. 

Just as with simpler compounds, cations are always named before anions. Thus, a cationic complex would be the first word in the name, and an anionic complex would be the last word in a name (with an ate ending). 

The use of surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) as an identification tool in TLC and HPLC has been investigated in detail. The chemical structures and common names of anionic dyes employed as model compounds are depicted in Fig. 3.88. RP-HPLC separations were performed in an ODS column (100 X 3 mm i.d. particla size 5 pm). The flow rate was 0.7 ml/min and dyes were detected at 500 nm. A heated nitrogen flow (200°C, 3 bar) was employed for spraying the effluent and for evaporating the solvent. Silica and alumina TLC plates were applied as deposition substrates they were moved at a speed of 2 mm/min. Solvents A and B were ammonium acetate-acetic acid buffer (pH = 4.7) containing 25 mM tributylammonium nitrate (TBAN03) and methanol, respectively. The baseline separation of anionic dyes is illustrated in Fig. 3.89. It was established that the limits of identification of the deposited dyes were 10 - 20 ng corresponding to the injected concentrations of 5 - 10 /ig/ml. It was further stated that the combined HPLC-(TLC)-SERRS technique makes possible the safe identification of anionic dyes [150],... 

The names of heteroatomic electronegative constituents generally take the anion ending -ate, which is also characteristic of the names of anions of oxoacids (sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, etc.). Many such anions are coordination compounds, and these names are assembled using the rules of coordination nomenclature (see Section 4.4, p. 51). 

The rule for naming compounds depends on the type of compound. For ionic compounds consisting of two elements (binary compounds), we start by naming the cation element. After the cation element is named, the stem of the anion is used with the ending ide added to the stem. 

The names of anions usually end in -ide if there are monatomic or homopolyatomic, or -ate for heteropolyatomic anions and coordination compounds. Anionic ligands usually end in -o. Thus CP is chloride, I3 is triiodide and S042 is sulfate but become, chloro, triiodo and sulfato if they are coordinated as ligands. The names of complex anions are not always derived from the familiar name... 

The carbon atom next to a carbon-carbon double bond. The term is used in naming compounds, such as an allylic halide, or in referring to reactive intermediates, such as an allylic cation, an allylic radical, or an allylic anion, (p. 673)... 

When writing a chemical formula, you learned that you write the metal element first. Similarly, the metal comes first when naming a chemical compound. For example, sodium chloride is formed from the metal sodium and the non-metal chlorine. Think of other names you have seen in this chapter, such as beryllium chloride, calcium oxide, and aluminum oxide. In each case, the metal is first and the non-metal is second. In other words, the cation is first and the anion is second. This is just one of the rules in chemical nomenclature the system that is used in chemistry for naming compounds. 

Naming ionic compounds involves first naming the cation and then naming the anion. Therefore, the name of such a compound leads directly to its formula. 

IR-1.5.3.2 Compositional nomenclature IR-1.5.3.3 Substitutive nomenclature IR-1.5.3.4 Additive nomenclature IR-1.5.3.5 General naming procedures IR-1.6 Changes to previous IUPAC recommendations IR-1.6.1 Names of cations IR-1.6.2 Names of anions IR-1.6.3 The element sequence of Table VI IR-1.6.4 Names of anionic ligands in (formal) coordination entities IR-1.6.5 Formulae for (formal) coordination entities IR-1.6.6 Additive names of polynuclear entities IR-1.6.7 Names of inorganic acids IR-1.6.8 Addition compounds IR-1.6.9 Miscellaneous... 

To name an ionic compound, simply put the names of the cation and anion together, in that order. The number of cations and anions per formula need not be included in the compound name because anions have characteristic charges, and the charge of the cation has already been es-... 

Figure 2 shows an example of cyclic voltammogram of a quinquethiophene-S,S-dioxide, namely compound B in Scheme 2. The CV in the oxidation region shows two reversible waves with Ep ai = 1.00 V and Ep,a2 = 1.30 V. The CV in the reduction region shows two reversible waves with Ep ci = -1.28 V and Ep cz = -1.63 V, the first of which probably corresponds to the formation of the radical anion. It should be noted that the first oxidation potential is 0.15 V larger than that of the parent unmodified quinquethiophene, while the first reduction potential is shifted by 0.79 V towards less negative values, indicating a remarkable increase of the electron affinity of the molecule.

Treatment of vinyl Sn, B, or Al compounds with BuLi results in effective addition of Bu to the metal to form a hypervalent anion such as 154. These are often referred to as ate complexes. The analogy is with the names of anions such as sulfate or carbonate. You are already familiar with the copper analogues, usually called cuprates. Lithium now replaces tin at the vinyl group 155 to form a vinyl-lithium derivative -156. The reaction is an electrophilic substitution at carbon - the lithium atom attacks the C-Sn bond and does so with retention of configuration. 

Acid Names from Anion Names Acids are an important group of hydrogen-containing compounds that have been used in chemical reactions for centuries. In the laboratory, acids are typically used in water solution. When naming them and writing their formulas, we consider them as anions connected to the number of hydrogen ions (H" ) needed for charge neutrality. The two common types of acids are binary acids and oxoacids ... 

The most studied ionic liquids (ILs) in the literature are chloroaluminate-based ionic liquids. Chemical properties such as Lewis acidity depend on the nature of the anion, namely AI2CI7. Considering the acidity parameter as the key point to design a liquid-phase fluorination catalyst, a new range of acidic ILs has been set up [9]. These ILs have been synthesized starting from halogenated metallic acids MX, (with M = Ti, Nb, Ta, Sn, Sb and X = Cl and/or F), such as Ta(V)Cl Fj, Nb(V)Cl Fj, Ti(IV)Cl Fj, Sn(IV)Cl Fj, Sb(V)Cl Fj,. Among these compounds, anions derived from SbCl F, (x -i-y = 5,0[Pg.536]

In previous examples, we learned that when a metal and a nonmetal react to form an ionic compound, the metal loses one or more electrons to the nonmetal. In Chapter 6, where we learned to name compounds and write formulas, we saw that Group lA metals always form +1 cations, whereas Group 2A form +2 cations. Group 7A elements form -1 anions and Group 6A elements form -2 anions. 

Many ionic compounds, such as NaCl, KBr, Znlj, and AI2O3, are binary compounds, that is, compounds formed from just two elements. For binary compounds, the first element named is the metal cation, followed by the nonmetallic anion. Thus, NaCl is sodium chloride. We name the anion by taking the first part of the element name (the chlor- of chlorine) and adding -ide. The names of KBr, Znh, and AI2O3 are potassium bromide, zinc iodide, and aluminum oxide, respectively. The -ide ending is also used in the names of some simple polyatomic anions, such as hydroxide (OH ) and cyanide (CN ). Thus, the compounds LiOH and KCN are named Uthium hydroxide and potassium cyanide, respectively. These and a number of other such ionic substances are ternary compounds, meaning compounds consisting of three elements. Table 0.3 lists the names of some common cations and anions. 

Compounds with Polyatomic Ions Acid Names from Anion Names Binary Covalent Compounds Straight-Chain Alkanes Molecular Masses Formulas and Models... 

Add Names from Anion Names 57 Binary Covalent Compounds 58 The Simplest Organic Compounds Straight-Chain Alkanes 58 Molecular Masses from Chemical Formulas 59... 

Many ionic compounds contain anions with more than one atom. These ions are called polyatomic ions and are tabulated in Table 4-2. In naming compounds that contain these polyatomic ions, simply use the name of the polyatomic ion as the name of the anion. For example, KNO3 is named according to its cation, potassium, and its polyatomic anion, nitrate. The full name is as follows ... 

Ionic compound Name of cation followed by name of anion Formula of cation followed by formula of anion, each taken as many times as necessary to yield a net charge of zero (polyatomic ion formulas enclosed in parentheses if taken more than once)... 

We can name compounds with polyatomic ions by separating the compound into a cation and an anion, which is usually the polyatomic ion. 

Formula Cation Anion Name of Cation Name of Anion Name of Compound... 

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