NaCl

Born-Haber cycle A thermodynamic cycle derived by application of Hess s law. Commonly used to calculate lattice energies of ionic solids and average bond energies of covalent compounds. E.g. NaCl ... 

Cobali [[) oxide, CoO. Olive green solid (heat on Co(OH)2 or cobalt(Il) oxyacid salt in absence of air) with NaCl structure. 

F centre An anionic sice in a crystal occupied only by an electron, e.g. NaCl plus Na vapour gives blue Naj, . C1 containing F centres. 

The word is also used to denote a unit in a solid crystal of an electrovalent compound such as NaCl in which each Na is electrically attracted by the surrounding six Cl" and each Cl" is electrically attracted by the surrounding six Na. The structure of such crystals is termed ionic to indicate that the crystal is not an aggregate of independent molecules. 

KCIO3. Not very soluble in water, deposited from chlorate(V) solutions (CI2 plus Ca(OH)2 or electrolysis of aqueous NaCl). On heating gives KCl and KCIO4 but decomposes to KCl at high temperatures. 

KCl —NaCl —MgS04) and in many brines. Separated by fractional crystallization, soluble water and lower alcohols. Used in fertilizer production and to produce other potassium salts. 

SNG Substitute natural gas. soaps Sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids, particularly stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. Animal and vegetable oils and fats, from which soaps are prepared, consist essentially of the glyceryl esters of these acids. In soap manufacture the oil or fat is heated with dilute NaOH (less frequently KOH) solution in large vats. When hydrolysis is complete the soap is salted out , or precipitated from solution by addition of NaCl. The soap is then treated, as required, with perfumes, etc. and made into tablets. 

NaOCl. Formed (with NaCl) from CI2 plus cold NaOH solution. Forms hydrates. Aqueous solutions are used as bleaches and antiseptics. 

Titanium II) oxide, TiO. Has the NaCl structure but is non-stoicheiomeiric (Ti02 plus Ti). 

The measurement of chlorides is standardized (NF M 07-023, ASTM 3230) the result of two measurements is expressed in mg of NaCl/kg of crude. Table 8.14 gives the contents of some crude oils these values come from measurements taken in a refinery and thereby include the salts brought in by contamination. 

Crude oil name Country of origin NaCl mg/kg (ppm weight)... 

A first operation on the crude, desalting (washing by water and caustic), extracts salts (NaCl, KCl and the MgCb that is cdn eft4rdJt6 NaCl by the caustic), reduces acid corrosion as well as it minimizes fouling and deposits. /... 

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