Effect of NaCl concentration

Fig. 5-10 Effect of NaCl concentration on disbonding depth on coated pipes,...

The osmotic coefficient of water in NaCl solutions of varying concentration can be calculated from data in Ref. 15. From the resulting values of the osmotic coefficients, the effect of NaCl concentration on the equilibrium temperature for Equation (13.16) can be determined. The results of some calculations for a constant pressure of 1 atm are shown in Figure 20.5 (16). 

Figure 20.5. Effect of NaCl concentration on the equilibrium temperature of the anhydrite-gypsum reaction at 1 bar. Data from Ref. 16.

The effect of NaCl concentration on the rate of paraquat adsorption on activated clays is reported by Tsai et al. (2003). The rate constant increases with an increase of salts in the aqueous paraquat solution from 0.046 (g mg min at a NaCl concentration of 0.05 M, to 0.059 (g mg" min" at a solution concentration of 2.50 M NaCl. Studying the effect of various alkali metals ions on paraquat adsorption... 

Salt Effects. The HCl-NaCl system has been studied further to determine the effect of NaCl concentration on the acid-carbon reaction. The carbon dosage was varied from 0.33 to 2.0 grams of 273-micron... 

Next, the influence of the addition of NaCl on a sonochemical reaction was considered. Fig. 12.13 shows the effect of NaCl concentration in water on the yield of product. The amount of product depended on the concentration of NaCl, which was different for each product. The gradient foi H202 was larger than that for H2. Consequently, the product ratio depended on the concentration of NaCl in the solution. 

Table II. Effect of NaCl Concentration in Water Droplet on Contact Angle, Series C Film...

I Figure 3. Effect of NaCl concentration on droplet contact angle. Series C... 

Fig. 2.6 3D representation of the combined effect of NaCl concentration and pH on the EOI values during the electrolyses of 2-naphthol on a Ti-Ru-Sn ternary oxide anode. Initial 2-naphthol concentration = 5mM i = 75 mA cm 2 flow rate = 1801 h 1 (Panizzaand Cerisola 2004b)... 

The presence of salt seems to stabilize the protein structure against denaturation. The effect of salt on the denaturation temperature is more pronounced at pH values outside the isoelectric region. Table II gives an example of the effect of NaCl concentration on the denaturation temperature. It can be seen that the increase in Tj in the direction from 0 to 1.0 M NaCl is >20°C. This drastic effect of NaCl on the denaturation tempe-... 

The salt dependency is also illustrated in Figure 10 which shows the effect of NaCl concentration on the aggregation of whey proteins at pH 7. 

FIGURE 5.27 Effect of NaCl concentration on HPAM viscosity with different levels of hydrolysis. Source Luo et al. (2006). 

FIGURE 6.8 Effect of NaCl concentration on elastic modulus and relaxation time. Source Data... 

Usami, R., Fukushima, T., Mizuki, T., Yoshida, Y., Inoue, A., Horikoshi, K. (2005). Organic solvent tolerance of halophilic archae, Haloarcula strains Effect of NaCl concentration on the tolerance and polar lipid composition. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 99 169-174. 

Fig. 4. Effect of NaCl concentration on the rate of cucumber tissue softening in acidic conditions, a) Softening rates of cucumber slices, b) Softening rates and pectin methylation changes in cucumber mesocarp tissue pieces. From reference 43.

Effect of NaCl concentration on the extraction of tomato polygalacturonase at pH 6. o, total P6 , F6 I X, FG II. Reproduced with the permission of Reference 37. 

Deak, N.A. P.A. Murphy L.A. Johnson. Effects of NaCl concentration on salting-in and dilution during salting-out on soy protein fractionation./. Food Sci. 2006c, 71, C247—254. 

Effects of Ionic Strength. Figure 13 illustrates the effect of NaCl concentration on intrinsic viscosity for each terpolymer. Of course, this experiment should demonstrate only the effects of added electrolyte on individual chain contraction or expansion. The chains with sufficient monomer pairs exhibit increases in viscosity as expected with addition of NaCl. The best chain expansion is seen for the 5-5 sample, which is rapidly solvated with increasing ionic strength. The 5-10 sample shows some typical polyelectrolyte behavior because it has an excess of macroanions at pH 7. 

Figure 13, Effect of NaCl concentration on the intrinsic viscosity of the ADASAM series at a shear rate of 1.75 a temperature of 30 °C, and a...

The effect of NaCl concentration on surfactant solutions was studied at room temperature (25"C 1 C). Upon increasing the NaCl concentration, the isotropic solution changed to an anisotropic state and ultimately to a two phase isotropic system. (Refer to Figures 4 5). In the two phase isotropic system at higher salt concentrations, the upper phase was surfactant rich having high viscosity and the lower phase was aqueous solution of NaCl with trace amounts of the surfactant and alcohol. 

Figures 6 and 7 show the effect of NaCl concentration on the film lifetimes and dynamic interfacial tensions of decane/petroleum sulfonate systems. The results show that the lifetime decreases with increasing NaCl concentration. At the same time, the IFTsnm.n and To,5mN/m also decrease with increasing of NaCl concentration.

FIG. 6 Effect of NaCl concentration on film lifetimes and transient values of dynamic IFTs. Oil phase decane aqueous phase NaCl + 0.005% petroleum sulfonate. , Film lifetime , IFTgo min-... 

Figure 8.5 Effect of NaCl concentration on corrosion rate of steels in aerated solutions at room temperature [8.10]. (Reproduced from Uhlig HH. Corrosion and Corrosion Control. 2nd Ed. New York John Wiley Sons, 1971.)...

Fig. 6.79 Effect of NaCl concentration on the degree of surface scaling of concrete. (According to [339])...

Figure 2 summarizes the effect of NaCl concentration, oil chain length and surfactant concentration on the interfacial tension in this system. It is evident that ultralow interfacial tension minimum occurs at a specific salinity or specific oil chain length or specific surfactant concentration. Using light scattering, osmotic pressure, surface tension, dye solubilization and various other techniques, we have shown that the ultralow inter facial tension minimum in this system correlates with the onset of micellization in the aqueous phase and the partition coefficient of surfactant near unity (14). Baviere (15) has also shown that the partition coefficient is near unity at the salinity where minimum interfacial tension occurs. 

Figure 3 schematically illustrates the effect of NaCl concentration on the partitioning of surfactant molecules in an oil/brine system. At low salinities, most of the surfactant molecules are found in the brine phase whereas at very high salinities, most of the surfactant molecules are found in the oil phase. Hence, as the... 

Figure 9 displays the effect of NaCl concentration on the low-shear relative viscosity at polymer concentrations of 500, 1,000 and 2,000 ppm, respectively. At all polymer concentrations, the low-shear relative viscosity sharply decreased with increasing NaCl concentration up to 1 wt%. The rate of change of the low-shear... 

Table 2. Effect of NaCl concentration on the amount of BSA adsorbed on unoxidized PE (yg/cm ) pH = 7.5 ...

FIG. 22 Effects of NaCl concentration on the Ross and Miles foam stability (5 min) and aqueous core thickness of rupture (I>rup) for aqueous solutions of 60 mM SDS at 26 °C. S5unbols are residual foam height after 5 min (O) and D up ( ). 

Figure 1 illustrates the effect of NaCl concentration on intinsic viscosities for copolymers of series I with incrementally increasing composition of sulfobetaine mer units. Copolymers with 10,26, and 38 mole percent of 5 (MQ, t 26. and 1-38) are soluble in deionized water and show increases in viscosity across the NaCl concentration range. I-IO and 1-28 may be aggregated (multimers) in deionized water, explaining the initial decrease upon addition of salt. The homopolymer of 5 (MOO) and copolymers MZ and h69 are insoluble in deionized water and require a critical concentration of NaCl for dissolution. In deionized water, the intramolecular dipole-dipole interactions in these copolymers dominate, allowing little hydration. Addition of electrolyte induces the globule-to-random coil transition typical of polyampholyte hydration. 

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