NaCl oxide materials

Combes and Koeller reported the investigation of SrO solubility in the molten KCl-NaCl equimolar mixture at 727 °C [347], Potentiometric titration was performed with weights of BaO that allowed calculation of the solubility product of SrO as pPSrG = 4.2 (on the molality scale). This is appreciably higher than the values obtained by other authors by the potentiometric titration method. Such a fact is seemingly caused by the formation of BaO-SrO solid solutions instead of pure SrO under the titration conditions. The oxide material formed obviously possesses an appreciably lower solubility. 

NaCl, interact with the sulphur and vanadium oxides emitted from the combustion of technical grade hydrocarbons and die salt spray to form Na2S04 and NaV03- These conosive agents function in two modes, either the acidic mode in which for example, the sulphate has a high SO3 thermodynamic activity, of in the basic mode when the SO3 partial pressure is low in the combustion products. The mechanism of coiTosion is similar to the hot coiTosion of materials by gases widr the added effects due to the penetration of tire oxide coating by tire molten salt. 

Sintered and sprayed ceramic anodes have been developed for cathodic protection applications. The ceramic anodes are composed of a group of materials classified as ferrites with iron oxide as the principal component. The electrochemical properties of divalent metal oxide ferrites in the composition range 0- lA/O-0-9Fe2O3 where M represents a divalent metal, e.g. Mg, Zn, Mn, Co or Ni, have been examined by Wakabayashi and Akoi" . They found that nickel ferrite exhibited the lowest consumption rate in 3% NaCl (of 1 56 g A y at 500 Am and that an increase in the NiO content to 40mol 7o, i.e. O NiO-O-bFejO, reduced the dissolution rate to 0-4gA y at the expense of an increase in the material resistivity from 0-02 to 0-3 ohm cm. 

The sodium chloride structure is adopted by a large number of compounds, from the ionic alkali halides NaCl and KC1, to covalent sulfides such as PbS, or metallic oxides such as titanium oxide, TiO. Slip and dislocation structures in these materials will vary according to the type chemical bonding that prevails. Thus, slip on 100 may be preferred when ionic character is suppressed, as it is in the more metallic materials. 

IR spectrometers have the same components as UY/visible, except the materials need to be specially selected for their transmission properties in the IR (e.g., NaCl prisms for the monochromators). The radiation source is simply an inert substance heated to about 1500 °C (e.g., the Nernst glower, which uses a cylinder composed of rare earth oxides). Detection is usually by a thermal detector, such as a simple thermocouple, or some similar device. Two-beam system instruments often work on the null principle, in which the power of the reference beam is mechanically attenuated by the gradual insertion of a wedge-shaped absorber inserted into the beam, until it matches the power in the sample beam. In a simple ( flatbed ) system with a chart recorder, the movement of the mechanical attenuator is directly linked to the chart recorder. The output spectrum is essentially a record of the degree of... 

Materials. The sodium n—decylsulfate (CioS0 ) from Kodak and the sodium n-dodecylsulfate (CiaSO ) from Fisher were purified by recrystallization from water and from methanol, followed by drying under a vacuum. The alumina used was Aluminum Oxide C (Degussa Inc.), a primarily gamma alumina, with a surface area of lOO m /g. The NaCl was Fisher reagent grade and the water was distilled and deionized. 

Finally, it is possible to produce aerosols by vaporization of solids and subsequent condensation, which under certain conditions may yield uniform spherical particles as shown on examples of NaCl (19-23), AgCl (24-26), V2Os (27), etc. It is quite apparent that all these techniques are based on physical changes of the matter that do not involve chemical reactions, while the emphasis in this chapter is on using the described aerosol technique to produce inorganic materials, in particular metal oxides and polymers, by chemical processes. 

Materials. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and fully deuterated sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS-d ) were obtained from Sigma and Cambridge Isotope Laboratories respectively, and used as received. The cationic surfactants, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), and didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) were purchased from Eastman Kodak, and purified by repeated recrystallization from an ethanol/acetone solvent pair. Even so, a small amount of surface active impurity was observed in surface tension plots for DTAC. The tetradecyldimethylamine oxide (C14AO) was a commercial sample (Ammonyx MO) obtained from Stepan (Control No. 533-30027). This sample is primarily C14AO, but also contains other chain length components. Sodium chloride (NaCl) was obtained from EM Science and used as received. Water was purified by a three stage Bamstead water purification system. 

The Materials Technology Institute of the Chemical Process Industry (MTI) has identified five corrosion tests for iron- and nickel-based alloys, out of which two concern the resistance to crevice corrosion. The method MTI-2, originating from ASTM G48, involves the use of 6% ferric chloride solution for determining the relative resistance of alloys to crevice corrosion in oxidizing chloride environment. The method MTI-4 uses an increase in neutral bulk Cl- concentration at eight levels, ranging from 0.1 to 3% NaCl, to establish the minimum critical Cl concentration that produces crevice corrosion at room temperature (20-24°C).43,44... 

In order to obtain a good correlation of lattice parameter with composition, sodium-exchanged samples of several materials were obtained from the Initial products by calcining them In air at 5208C to remove trapped TMA+ Ion by oxidation to gaseous products and H+ followed by sodium-exchange with excess 2M NaCl (aq) at 60°C. Elemental analysis showed that this treatment was In fact Inadequate for the exchange,... 

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