Mycotoxin mycotoxicosis

Mycotoxins. The condition produced by the consumption of moldy foods containing toxic material is referred to as mycotoxicosis. Molds and fungi fall iato this category and several derive thek toxicity from the production of oxaflc acid, although the majority of mycotoxias are much more complex. 

Mycotoxin Producing fiingi Toxic effect Mycotoxicosis... 

Carcinogenicity has been used by the World Health Organization as an index for classifying mycotoxins [32]. However, the carcinogenic effects of very few mycotoxins have been established or even directly correlated. Therefore, this method of classifying mycotoxins may not be applicable at the present time. But as the carcinogenic risk of more mycotoxins is established based on ongoing research to identify the associations between human or animal consumption of contaminated food and the incidence of associated mycotoxicosis, this classification system may become very relevant. 

Chu FS Mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in Reimann D, Oliver DO (eds) Foodbome Infections and Intoxications, ed 3. NewTbrk, Academic Press, in press. 

Cresia, D.A., Lambert, R.J. (1989). Acute respiratory tract toxicity of the trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin. In Trichothecene Mycotoxicosis Pathophysiological Effects, Vol. 1 (V.R. Beasley, ed.), pp. 161-70. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Mycotoxicoses may induce various pathological disorders in animals as well as in human beings. Considering the poor specificity of the signs observed and the very low concentrations of the toxic compounds in most biological tissues or fluids, it is necessary to be able to analyze, promptly and efficiently, biological samples to evaluate the risk of mycotoxicosis. The most common mycotoxins involved include aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin, zearalenon, and T2 toxin... 

Thin-layer chromatography and HPTLC offer many possibilites for the determination of mycotoxins in plant or animal samples. Plant samples usually contain higher concentrations of mycotoxins, but analysis of animal tissues may be necessary either to confirm a suspected mycotoxicosis or to detect potential residues for human food. Many official methods are available, based on TLC, and the recent development of HPTLC also offers many possibilities for the detection and quantitation of several mycotoxins in various biological samples. 

Kalantary makes a general outline on mycotoxins and fusarium toxins as environmental toxicants, their mycotoxicosis, the historical background of trichothecene mycotoxins and toxicological aspects. 

In this article the general outline on mycotoxins and fusarium toxins as environmental toxicants their mycotoxicosis, the historical backgrounds of trichothecene mycotoxins chemistry and toxicological aspects were described. In order to protect the environment as well as human from these toxins and also to find a potential antidote for these toxins it is worthy to work in this area of research. 

Chronic exposure to subacute doses of trichothecene mycotoxins is not thought to be an effect of biological warfare. This type of exposure, however, was responsible for ATA toxicosis in humans and mycotoxicosis in domestic animals. In addition, chronic toxicity has been iatrogenically induced when repeated subacute doses of a trichothecene mycotoxin were administrated intravenously to cancer patients as a chemotherapy for colon adenocarcinoma. Alimentary Toxic Aleukia Toxicosis... 

No specific therapy for trichothecene-induced mycotoxicosis is known or is presently under experimental evaluation. Several therapeutic approaches have been evaluated in animal models. It is perhaps significant, however, that although experimental procedures for treatment of systemic exposure have been successful in reducing mortality in animal models, they have not been tested in primates. Thus, these treatments are not available for field use for humans exposed to trichothecene mycotoxins. 

Mycotoxins. Low-molecular weight fungal metabolites which occur in food and fodder and cause the symptoms of a mycotoxicosis (e. g.. Saint Anthony s fire, ergotism, Kashin-Beck disease) in humans and animals. If animals destined for slaughter consume fodder containing M., the toxins can also occur in eggs, meat, or milk, what is known as carry-over . Some of... 

Feinberg, B. McLaughlin, C.S. (1989). Biochemical mechanism of action of trichothecene mycotoxins. In Tridtotitecene mycotoxicosis pathophysiologic effects 1, Beasley, V.R., pp. 32-33, CRC Press, ISBN 0-8493-5088-3, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 

The assessment of dietary risk of exposure to fumonisins is relatively complicated with regard to a variety of individual mycotoxins. In some types of maize products, fumonisins that are not currently monitored may significantly contribute to the toxic effects. Fumonisins cause a number of livestock diseases, such as mycotoxicosis known as Equine LEucoencephaloMalasia (ELEM) in horses or Porcine Pulmonary oEdema (PPE) in pigs. Intoxication by higher doses of mycotoxins can be fatal in both cases. In connection with the possible occurrence of fumonisins in foods, their hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity to humans and carcinogenicity demonstrated... 

ODTS is caused by the inhalation of large quantities of agricultural and other dusts of biological origin (Rask-Andersen 1996). Such bio-aerosols are often heavily contaminated with microorganisms that produce toxins (e.g. bacterial endotoxin, mycotoxins), which are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of the syndrome. The syndrome is also known by various other names, such as mycotoxicosis. 

Primary mycotoxicosis in man would seem to-be unlikely in an industrial community such as Britain in which legislation covering the quality of food precludes its sale if it is mouldy when it shouldn t be. Although such legislation does not stop a purchaser allowing food to go mouldy after it has been bought it is unlikely to be eaten. It is possible, however, for mycotoxins to occur in food without the presence of the producing mould on that particular commodity. Adult cattle can tolerate as much as 500 pg aflatoxin per kg of their... 

Ergotism, certainly the first described form of a mycotoxicosis (a disease caused by the consumption of a mycotoxin), was recorded very early in history. More recently, molds (fungi) were also implicated in the etiology of diseases such as alimentary toxic aleukia and stachybo-tryotoxicosis in Russia, yellow rice toxicosis in Japan, and facial eczema in New Zealand. 

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