Maize production

Zearalenone (ZEA) is synthesised by many Fusarium species, which also produce DON, and is found worldwide in maize and maize products. Young sows seem to be the most susceptible animals and may show symptoms of hyperoestrogenism even with low ZEA intakes (0.06 mg/kg body weight intake). In contrast, 300 ppm are reported to be tolerated by hens and up to 2000 ppm by young heifers (Fink-Gremmels, 2005a). 

The sub-network on the reduction of odours in animal production, was set up as a result of a consultative meeting of interested European states organised by the Swedish Government on behalf of FAO in 1976. The concept of a consultative information network was already well established by FAO by its European System of Co-operative Research Networks (ESCORENA) which commenced in 1973. ESCORENA has sponsored and established ten networks, these range in interest from olive production, pesticide impact on the environment, maize production to animal waste utilisation. 

Muir, D.C.G. and Baker, B.E. Detection of triazine herbicides and their degradation products in tile-drain water from fields under corn (maize) production, J. Agric. Food Chem., 21(1) 122-125, 1976. 

Muture, B. N., and Ogana, G. (2005). Aflatoxin levels in maize and maize products during the 2004 food poisoning outbreak in eastern province of Kenya. East Afr. Med. J. 82,275-279. 

Saz and Marina [148] published a comprehensive review on HPLC methods and their developments to characterize soybean proteins and to analyze soybean proteins in meals. In the case of soybean derived products, a number of papers dealing with cultivar identification [149,150], quantification of soybean proteins [151-154], detection of adulteration with bovine milk proteins [151,155-158], and characterization of commercial soybean products on the basis of their chromatographic protein profile [159,160] have been published in the last years. Other studies deal with the analysis of soybean proteins added to meat [161-165], dairy [151,165-167], and bakery products [156,163,168,169]. The same research group developed perfusion RP-HPLC methods for very rapid separation of maize proteins (3.4 min) and characterization of commercial maize products using multivariate analysis [170], and for the characterization of European and North American inbred and hybrid maize lines [171]. 

American-Maize Products Co., Hammond, IN), ordinary corn (Maltrin M-250, Grain Processing Corp., Muscatine, lA) and potato (Avebe America Inc., Hopelawn, NJ) hydrolysates were obtained commercially. Wheat, cassava, rice, and amylomaize VII starches were enzymatically hydrolyzed using a thermally stable alpha-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (E.C.3.2.1.1 ... 

Uncoupling is sometimes important to an organism. The generation of heat by uncoupling is discussed in Box 18-C. The fungus Bipolaris maydis caused a crisis in maize production when it induced pore formation in mitochondrial membranes of a special strain used in production of hybrid seeds.281 282... 

A site Cor ihc plum was selected close 10 the banks of the Vaal River, which is South Africa s major source of water. 50 miles (80 kilometers) south of Johannesburg and on top of a vast coal field. Sasol acquired approximately 8000 acres (3200 hectares) for the plant and its township which was to have the name of Sasolhurg. The site was in the middle of an area where cattle grazing and com (maize) production wcic the only activities and Sasol had to create its own infrastructure from scratch. 

Table 4.1.8A. Distillers grains with solubles, dried (IFN 5-02-843).The product obtained after the removal of ethyl alcohol by distillation from the yeast fermentation of a grain or a grain mixture by condensing and drying at least 75% of the solids of the resultant whole stillage by methods employed in the grain-distilling industry. The predominating grain shall be declared as the first word in the name (AAFCO, 2005) and that determines the exact IFN number (maize product in table below).

Grain yield is dependent on the number of heads per hectare, the number of kernels per head and the size and density of those kernels (9). To maximize yields, every element in the whole production system must be directed towards balancing and optimizing those three contributing factors. In many ways, change in wheat production in the last ten years has been a microcosm of what has taken place in the last forty years of maize production. The changes are similar but have been compressed in time. 

Surimi is fish paste from deboned fish used to make simulated crab legs and other seafood. For preservation the paste is blended with cryoprotectants, such as sucrose, sorbitol and phosphates, and frozen. To make the final product, the frozen paste is thawed, blended with starch and extruded as a film onto a belt. The belt takes the film into an oven that heat-denatures the fish protein and cooks the starch. The film is then rolled to form striations, shaped, colored and cut. Depending on the required distribution, the product is frozen or refrigerated. Potato and tapioca starch were used in surimi products 400 years ago, since they provided a cohesive, elastic matrix consistent with seafood. Frozen distribution has made the use of highly-stabilized, moderately crosslinked tapioca starch popular, alone or with native tapioca starch. Modified waxy maize products are used, as is unmodified com starch, for increased cuttability. Kim188 reported that the gel strengthening ability of starch correlates with starch paste viscosity. 

Handbook of Cyclodextrin Technology. Hammond, IN American Maize-Products Company 1993. 

Kaizzi, C.K. Ssali, H. and P. Vlek (2004) The potential of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) and N fertilizers in maize production on contrasting soils and agro-ecological zones of East Uganda.- Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 68, 59-72. 

Blackie, M. J. (1994) Maize productivity for the 21st century the African challenge.- Outlook on Agriculture 23, 189-196. 

Gradient elution also proved beneficial for positional isomer resolution [58]. A chemometrical approach was useful to optimize the elution gradient program of perfusion IPC for the characterization of biogenic amines in wines [26] and maize products [27]. 

Since selectivity is a prerequisite for resolution, a temperature increase strongly impacts both selectivity and resolution. The variability of the van t Hoff lines explains the seemingly erratic result of the influence of tanperature on the figures of merit of the method. For example, at lower temperatures, the resolution of model peptides with +1 and +3 net charges improved and worsened, respectively [27]. In chiral IPC, T < 0°C was successfully used to improve enantioresolution [28]. Similarly, lower temperatures provided better resolution in the analysis of a new aminoglycoside antibiotic [29] and for characterization of maize products [30]. Conversely, an increased resolution at 70°C was observed when the ion-pair mechanism was exploited under IPC-capillary zone electrophoresis of cationic proteomic peptide standards [31]. 

Figure 3 Long term trend of sorghum and maize production area in Ethiopia. NB the area allocated for improved varieties of sorghum was only 6,3 J 2 ha out of1,253,620 ha, which is less than 1%. ...

Certain tumors are more common among farmers.36 Cancer has been correlated with maize production in the Midwest and with cotton and vegetable growing in the southeastern United States. Farmers have an increased in-... 

Japan Maize Products Co., Ltd., Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho 58,173,172 (1983) Chem. Abstr., 100 (1984) 141120j. 

Fig. 3. General production scheme of the maize production complex in Szabadegyhaza...

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