Hyphal growth

The effect of flavonoids on spore germination and hyphal growth of ecto-mycorrhizal fungi is poorly known. However, several metabolites relea.sed by the plant roots trigger events leading to their infection (44,55). In the saprotrophic phase, spores of several ectomycorrhizal fungi respond to stimulation by abietic acid, the diterpene resin acid, in root exudates (56). 

V. Gianinazzi-Pearson, B. Branzanti, and S. Gianinazzi, In vitro enhancement of spore germination and early hyphal growth of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus by host root exudates and plant flavonoids. Symbiosis 7 243 (1989). 

S. Chabot, R. Bel-Rhlid, R. Chenevert, and Y. Piche. Hyphal growth promotion in vitro of the VA mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora nuirgarila by the activity of structurally specific flavonoid compounds under CO enrichment conditions. New Phy-lol. /22-.461 (1992). 

G. Becard, D. D. Douds, and P. E. Pfeffer, Extensive in vitro hyphal growth of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the presence of CO and flavonols. Appi. Environ. Microbiol. 5 ( 821 (1992). 

Condensation of coumaric acid with malonic acid yields the basic chalcone and stilbane skeletons (see Fig. 3.6). Stilbenes are found in most vascular plants, where they exhibit fungicidal and to a lesser extent antibiotic properties. They function as both constitutive and inducible defense substances. Some stilbenes inhibit fungal spore germination and hyphal growth, whereas others are toxic to insects and parasitic nematodes (round-worms). They also possess antifeeding and nematicide properties in mammals. For example, resveratrol (a stilbene in red wine) suppresses tumor formation in mammals. 

Wheat stem rust Decreased hyphal growth 0.06 ppm 6 h/day, 3 days 177... 

Medicago sativa and Glomus spp. Quercetin and quercetin-3-O-galactoside Promotion of spore germination, hyphal growth, and branching 277, 328... 

Eucalyptus globulus and Pisolithus spp. Rutin Stimulation of hyphal growth 329... 

Lagrange, H., Jay-Allgmand, C., and Lapeyrie, F., Rutin, the phenolglycoside from eucalyptus root exudates, stimulates Pisolithus hyphal growth at picomolar concentrations, New PhytoL, 149, 349, 2001. 

Prosser, J. I. (1983). Hyphal growth patterns. In Fungal Differentiation A... 

Several herbicides have had a stimulatory effect on hyphal growth and spore production of pathogens. Trifluralin has been shown to increase growth of Fusarium solan f. sp. phaseol and Fusar um solan f. sp. cucurb tae (F5C) and spore production of F. solan f. sp. Phaseol , Glyphosate has also been shoim by Watson et ai. to increase enhanced pathogen gro%d h (72). ... 

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