Mutations sister chromatid exchanges and

N,N-Dimethylaniline induced gene mutation, sister chromatid exchange, and chromosomal aberrations in cultured mammalian cells. It was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium. ... 

In cultured mammalian cells, acrylonitrile induced DNA strand breakage, gene mutation, sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations, but not aneuploidy or unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes, at least if the silver grain counting method was used. [Studies using the less reliable scintillation counting method have not been summarized.] Cell transformation was induced in several test systems and gap-junctional intercellular communication was inhibited in one study with Chinese hamster V79 cells. 

Epichlorohydrin induced DNA single-strand breaks but not unscheduled DNA synthesis in mammalian cell cultures. It induced gene mutations in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells and gene mutations, sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster cells in vitro. 

After in-vivo administration, phenol induced micronuclei in mice and chromosomal aberrations in rats. It also caused oxidative DNA damage in mice, and it bound covalently to rat DNA. In cultured mammalian cells, phenol caused mutations, sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei. It bound to cellular protein (but not to DNA) and inhibited intercellular communication. It did not induce recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster and had only a weak effect in inducing segregation in Aspergillus nidulans. Phenol was not mutagenic in bacteria. 

The genotoxicity of sulfur mustard is well documented. It is known to produce DNA cross-hnks, mutations following replication or repair errors, chromosomal breaks, and chromosomal aberrations. Occupational exposures have been associated with increased frequencies of somatic cell mutations, sister chromatid exchanges, and chromosome abnormalities. Studies with rats indicate that subchronic inhalation or oral exposures can produce dominant lethal effects. 

Chen MM, Hsueh JE, Sirianni SR, et al. 1981. Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges and cell cycle delay in cultured mammalian cells treated with eight organophosphorus pesticides. Mutat Res 88 307-316. 

Dulout FN, Pastori MC, Olivero OA, et al. 1985. Sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in a population exposed to pesticides. Mutat Res 143 237-244. 

Several inorganic arsenic compounds are weak inducers of chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchange, and in vitro transformation of mammalian and piscine cells. However, there is no conclusive evidence that arsenic causes point mutations in any cellular system (Pershagen and Valuer 1979 Belton et al. 1985 Lee et al. 1985 Deknudt et al. 1986 Manna and Mukheijee 1989). Studies with bacteria suggest that arsenite is a comutagen, or may inhibit DNA repair (Belton et al. 1985). 

Tsutsui T, Hayashi N, Maizumi H, et al. 1997. Benzene-, catechol-, hydroquinone- and phenol-induced cell transformation, gene mutations, chromosome aberrations, aneuploidy, sister chromatid exchanges and unscheduled DNA synthesis in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Mutat Res 373 113-123. 

Tezuka H, Ando N, Suzuki R, et al. 1980. Sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster cells treated with pesticides positive in microbial reversion assays. Mutat Res 78 177-191. 

Acrylamide is genotoxic in a number of test systems. It induces gene mutation, structural chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchange, and cell transformation. Furthermore, acrylamide forms covalent adducts with DNA in rodents and covalent adducts with hemoglobin in humans. Flemoglobin adducts have been used for biomonitoring of acrylamide. Studies indicate that the adducts are useful predictors of acrylamide-induced peripheral neuropathy. ... 

Chromium(VI) compounds have been consistently genotoxic, inducing a wide variety of effects including DNA damage, gene mutation, sister chromatid exchange, chromosomal aberrations, cell transformation, and dominant lethal mutations. ... 

A number of genotoxic effects have been reported for 1,3-DCP including increased DNA strand breaks, sister chromatid exchanges, and mitotic aberrations in Chinese hamster cells. " It did not induce dominant lethal mutations in the germ cells of male CD rats after inhalation of 150ppm."... 

Chronic exposure to hepatotoxic doses of DMN has also been found to suppress humoral and cellular immunity in mice. DMN is geno-toxic in a wide variety of assays inducing DNA synthesis, chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchange, and bacterial mutations. " The formation of DNA adducts by metabolites of DMN may play a critical role in the carcinogenic process."... 

Fortunately, a number of in situ, short-term bioassays to detect genotoxic and related effects have become available. These include a variety of measured endpoints such as aneuploids, chromosal aberrations, DNA damage, dominant lethal mutation, gene mutation, inhibition of intercellular communication, micronuclei, mitotic recombination and gene conversions, and sister chromatid exchange and cell transformation (IARC, 1989). A detailed discussion of these tests is beyond the scope of this book. However, such tests are important from our perspective as atmospheric chemists because, as we shall see, they can be used to detect biologically active compounds in very complex mixtures, and hence serve to focus chemical analysis efforts (IARC, 1989, p. 20). We emphasize in advance the... 

Diethanolamine induced cell transformation in Syrian hamster embryo cells in vitro in two studies but not in another. It did not induce gene mutations, sister chromatid exchanges or chromosomal aberrations. Diethanolamine did not induce micronucleus formation in larval newt blood cells in either the absence or presence of sodium nitrite or nitrate. It was without effect on gene conversion in yeast and was not mutagenic in bacteria. 

Chang, C. M., Hsia, M. T., Stoner, G. D. Hsu, I. C. (1990) Acrylonitrile-induced sister-chromatid exchanges and DNA single-strand breaks in adult human bronchial epithelial cells. Mutat. Res., 241, 355-360... 

Butadiene increased the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei in mouse but not rat bone marrow. Micronucleus frequency also increased in peripheral erythrocytes and splenocytes. Butadiene also induced chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow, and dominant lethal mutations, heritable translocations and sperm-head abnormalities in mice. It did not induce aneuploidy in bone marrow cells in vivo. 

Acetaldehyde causes gene mutations in bacteria and gene mutations, sister chromatid exchanges, micronuclei and aneuploidy in cultured mammalian cells, without metabolic activation. In vivo, it causes mutations in Drosophila melanogaster but not micronuclei in mouse germ cells. It causes DNA damage in cultured mammalian cells and in mice in vivo. Acetaldehyde-DNA adducts have been found in white blood cells from human alcohol abusers. 

Douglas, G.R., Blakey. D.H.. Liu-lee, V.W., Bell, R.D.L. Bayley, J.M. (1985) Alkaline sucrose sedimentation, sister-chromatid exchange and micronucleus assays in CHO cells. Prog. Mutat. Res., 5, 359-366... 

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