Mustard inhalation

Distilled mustard Inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, (HD) local skin and eye impacts... 

Kumar, 0. and Vijayaraghavan, R. Effect of sulphur mustard inhalation exposure on some urinary variables in mice, J. Ppl. Toxicol, 18(4) 257-259, 1998. 

Ghanei, M., Shohrati, M., Harandi, A.A., Eshraghi, M., Aslani, J., Alaeddini, F., Manzoori, H. (2007). Inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta 2-agonists in treatment of patients with chronic bronchiolitis following exposure to sulfur mustard. Inhal. Toxicol. 19 889-94. 

Pant, S.C., Vijayaraghavan, R. (2002). Histochemical and histomorphological alterations in the lungs of mice following acute sulfur mustard inhalation. J. Bums 1 6-15. 

Anderson DR, Yourick JJ, Moeller RB, Petrali JP, Young GD, Byers SL. 1996. Pathologic changes in rat lungs following acute sulfur mustard inhalation. Inhal Toxicol 8 285-297. 

An important late sequela of mustard inhalation is a tracheal/bronchial stenosis that necessitates bronchoscopy and other procedures (Freitag et al., 1991). Mustard has been reported to create a long-term sensitivity to smoke, dust, and similar arrbome particles, probably as a result of clinically unapparent bronchospasm (Morgenstern et al., 1947 Buscher and Conway, 1994). 

Inhalation of mustard vapor primarily affects the laryngeal and tracheobronchial mucosa. Evidence exists to suggest that mustard inhalation causes sustained respiratory difficulties even after the acute lesions have healed. Clinical follow-ups on 200 Iranian soldiers who were severely injured by mustard during the Iran-lraq War indicate that about one third had experienced persistent respiratory effects 2 years or more after initial exposure. Reported problems included chronic bronchitis, asthma, rhinopharyngitis, tracheobronchitis, laryngitis, recurrent pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and, in some cases, severe, unrelenting tracheobronchial stenosis. ... 

Patients who died from mustard inhalation had gross destruction of the tracheobronchial tree (Figure 3-23). In contrast to the pulmonary... 

Systemic damage may occur as a result of systemic absorption of a toxicant through the respiratory membranes (eg, leukopenia following mustard inhalation) with consequent damage to other organ systems. Effects on other organ systems may be more obvious than the respiratory effects of exposure (as with mercury). 

Anderson, D.R., Yourick, J.J., Moeller, R.B., et al., 1996. Pathologic changes in rat lungs following acute sulfur mustard inhalation. Inhal. Toxicol. 8, 285-297. Anzueto, A., Delemos, R.A., Seidenfeld, J., et al., 1990. Acute inhalation toxicity of soman and sarin in baboons. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 14, 676-687. 

Rubefacients Produce redness Allyl isothiocyanate 0.5-5% Ammonia water 1 -2.5% Musterole Extra Made by dilution of concentrated solution with water Mustard derivative Pungent odor Avoid inhalation More concentrated solutions are highly caustic Avoid inhalation... 

Inhalation and dermal absorption mustards no antidote. For lewisite and ewisite/ mustard lmixtures British Anti-Lewisite (BAL or Dimercaprol) IM (rarely available). Thermal burn therapy supportive care (respiratory support and eye care). 

Mobile colorless liquid with a pungent odor like mustard detectable at 0.8 ppm. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Acts synergistically with alcohol in blood. 

Vijayaraghavan, R. Modifications of breathing pattern induced by inhaled sulphur mustard in mice, ArcA. Toxicol, 71 (3) 157-164,1997. 

Toxicology. Mustard gas causes skin and eye injury after inhalation, pulmonary damage may occur. Chronic exposure has been associated with an increased risk of respiratory cancer in humans. 

Mustard gas has been tested for carcinogenicity in mice, producing lung tumors after inhalation or intravenous injection and local sarcomas after subcutaneous injection. 

Emad A, Rezaian GR The diversity of the effects of sulfur mustard gas inhalation on respiratory system 10 years after a single, heavy exposure. Analysis of 197 cases. Chest 112(3) 734-738, 1997... 

Because information on possible long-term effects of the other irritant chemicals used in the Edgewood tests is sparse, this chapter focuses on the effects of mustard gas and two lacrimators, CS and CN. Information on the potential long-term adverse effects of these chemicals is derived from several sources first, observation of long-term disabilities in soldiers who were exposed to a single (in most cases) toxic concentration of irritant during World War I and in persons exposed in peacetime accidents or riot-control procedures second, studies of morbidity in workers chronically exposed to chemical irritants during their manufacture and third, studies in which experimental laboratory animals were exposed to selected chemicals by topical application, injection, or aerosol inhalation. 

During the latter half of World War I and the early postwar years, there was serious concern that men poisoned by inhalation of chlorine, phosgene, and mustard (the three most common and deadly agents) would develop tuberculosis and cancer. Limited studies were begun, but it proved difficult to produce evidence to support the idea. Achard, Wilson and Mackintosh,Sergent and Haas,6 ... 

Rozmiarek, H., Capizzi, R.L., Papirmeister, 8., Fuhrman, W.H., and Smith, W.J. Mutagenic activity in somatic and germ cells following chronic inhalation of sulfur mustard. Mutat. Res. 21 13-14, 1973. (abstract)... 

Yamada, A. On the late injuries following occupational inhalation of mustard gas, with special references to carcinoma of the respiratory tract. Acta Pathol. Jpn. 13 131-155, 1963. 

In Massachusetts, retailers must ask minors for identification before selling them glue or cement that contains a solvent that can release toxic vapors. Also, the products must contain oil of mustard or a similar deterrent against inhalation. Young Massachusetts inhalant purchasers must also legibly write their name and address in a bound register, which the retailer must make available to police and keep for at least six months after the final entry. 

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