OCCUPATIONAL INHALATION

Dermal Effects. Coldness, reddishness, or roughness of the skin in the distal extremities was observed in 59.2% of 93 workers with peripheral neuropathy after occupational inhalation exposure to w-hexanc (Yamamura 1969). 

Kales SN, Christiani DC Progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after multiple episodes of an occupational inhalation fever, y Occup Med 36(l) 75-78, 1994... 

Yamada, A. On the late injuries following occupational inhalation of mustard gas, with special references to carcinoma of the respiratory tract. Acta Pathol. Jpn. 13 131-155, 1963. 

Hepatic Effects. No studies were located regarding hepatic effects in humans following acute- or chronic-duration inhalation exposure to various forms of aluminum. Intermediate occupational inhalation exposure to aluminum fumes, dusts, or powders did not affect liver function or hepatic microanatomy in a group of 7 workers as determined from biopsy samples (Mussi et al. 1984). 

White Phosphorus Smoke. No studies were located regarding absorption in humans or animals after inhalation exposure to white phosphorus smoke. White phosphorus smoke probably contains some residual unburnt white phosphorus (see Chapter 3 for composition information). Human serum concentrations of phosphate (relevance to absorption of white phosphorus smoke is unknown) following occupational inhalation exposure to white phosphorus are discussed in Section 2.3.3 (Metabolism). Health effects observed after inhalation of white phosphorus smoke are most likely portal of entry effects, and, therefore, do not indicate that absorption of white phosphorus occurred. However, the oxides and acids of white phosphorus that occur in the smoke are probably absorbed to an unknown degree. 

Ethylene thiourea (ETU), a potentially toxic metabolite of zineb, may be involved in thyroid effects. Occupational inhalation of zineb can lead to changes... 

Many models are available for calculating exposure, but the European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) is the most commonly used in the EU. Variations in human populations across Member States are considered in terms of body weight, diet, and activities [133]. Consideration is also given to susceptible individuals such as children and the elderly [133]. More specific models are used in conjunction with EUSES to assess occupational dermal exposure (DERMAL), occupational inhalation (EASE) and consumer exposure (CONSEXPO) (see [134]). 

Model to assess occupational inhalation European community European Court of Auditors European Environment Agency or a chemical ... 

Silicosis, a form of pulmonary fibrosis, is the primary health problem resulting from inhalation exposure to particles of crystalline silica (SSDC, 1988 NIOSH, 2002 Castranova, 2000 Castranova and VaUyathan, 2000). Other diseases associated with occupational inhalation exposure to crystalline silica include lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nonmalignant respiratory disease, auto-immune related diseases (such as rheumatioid arthritis), renal diseases, and (as a complication of silicosis) increased risk of bacterial or fungal infections such as tuberculosis. Skin granulomas or obstructive lymphopathies may result from dermal exposure and uptake of silica particles (NIOSH, 2002). 

Radonic M. Systemic allergic reactions due to occupational inhalation of tuberculin aerosol. Ind Med Surg 1966 35(l) 24-6. 

Shelley ML. Andersen ME, Fisher JW. 1989. A risk assessment approach for nursing infants exposed to volatile organics through the mother s occupational inhalation exposure. Appl Ind Hyg 4 21-26. 

The Johanson model, with its refinements (Johanson 1986, 1991a Johanson and Naslund 1988), is one of the original PBPK models developed to describe and ultimately predict the effects of occupational inhalation exposure to 2-butoxyethanol and is depicted in Figure 2-8. Factors of exercise and co-exposure to ethanol are included. 

High-low dose extrapolation. The model predicts nonlinearity due to saturated elimination at concentrations well above 100 ppm, even in combination with physical exercise and ethanol. The comparison between the simulated arterial blood levels and experimental arterial blood levels obtained after exposure to 20 ppm 2-butoxyethanol for 2 hours indicates linear kinetics at this concentration, which is lower than the PEL in the United States (PEL = 50 ppm, OSHA 1974). Thus, linear kinetics would be expected in ordinary occupational inhalation exposure, although low-dose extrapolation was not specifically addressed in this model. 

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