Breathing pattern

Dyspnea Dyspnea is shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing. The victim is usually quite aware of the unusual breathing pattern. Shortness of breath can be an indicator of many physical ailments including simple exertion, a panic attack, a blow to the chest, asthma, cardiac disease, as well as exposure to toxic chemicals. If a person is suffering from shortness of breath, evaluate them for additional symptoms and possible exposures. Keep the victim in a sitting position. Remove the victim to fresh air, if possible, and seek medical attention. 

FIGURE 5,20 Graphical representation depicting relationship between airway volume measurements. The curve represents both tidal and forced breathing patterns. 

Consequently, any breathing pattern which increases pulmonary residence times, such as breath-holding, increases fine particle deposition throughout the airway. 

Risk for Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to congestion, excessive secretions, rebound efted ot drug... 

Q Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to narrowed airway passage, thick or excessive mucus... 

Breathing pattern/nasal deposition Same as Harley (1984). 

The specific values of the physical and biological characteristics such as breathing patterns for occupational exposure and active and resting patterns for environmental exposure are given in the footnotes to the Tables. A few remarks should be made concerning the parameters used which affect the dose calculation significantly. 

The calculations are shown for the adult male breathing under normal environmental conditions. The alpha dose combines the daytime and nighttime breathing patterns. 

TABLE II. Alpha Dose in mGy/WLM for Occupational Mining Atmosphere. Breathing Pattern and Specific Conditions, See Footnote... 

Breathing Pattern, 16 Hours Active, 8 Hours Resting Diffusion Coefficient for Unattached 0.0025 cm2/sec. 

In general, intraperitoneal and intravenous injections were the most sensitive administration routes (Bauer 1983). LD50 dermal values, however, are often not true percutaneous values because of oral contamination from normal grooming (Summers 1980). Aerosol exposure to paraquat produced a concentration-dependent rapid, shallow breathing pattern in guinea pigs (Cavia sp.)... 

Aerosol exposure, in mg/m3 0.1, 0.4, or 0.8, 6 h daily, 5 days weekly, 3-week exposure Rapid shallow dose-dependent breathing pattern, with return to control values during first 7 days of exposure, suggesting adaptation (Burleigh-Flayer and Alarie 1988)... 

While irritancy resulting from the above reflex reaction is one cause of altered respiratory parameters during exposure, there are many others. These include other types of reflex response, such as bronchoconstriction, the narcotic effects of many solvents, the development of toxic signs as exposure progresses, or simply a voluntary reduction in respiratory rate by the test animal due to the unpleasant nature of the inhaled atmosphere. The extent to which these affect breathing patterns and hence inhaled dose can only be assessed by actual measurement. 

Breathing pattern Particle properties Dissolution rate... 

Vijayaraghavan, R. Modifications of breathing pattern induced by inhaled sulphur mustard in mice, ArcA. Toxicol, 71 (3) 157-164,1997. 

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