Musca

Table 2. Allethrin Isomers with Their Abundance and Relative Toxicities to Musca. domestica...

Tenehrio molitor Hg/pupa Galleria melonella Hg/pupa Aedes aeg pt] ppm Musca domestica Hg/pupa Heliothis virescens, ppm... 

CYP6D1 of the housefly (Musca domestica) has been found to hydroxylate cyper-methrin and thereby provide a resistance mechanism to this compound and other pyrethroids in this species (Scott et al. 1998 see also Chapter 12). Also, this insect P450 can metabolize plant toxins such as the linear furanocoumarins xanthotoxin and bergapten (Ma et al. 1994). This metabolic capability has been found in the lepi-dopteran Papilio polyxenes (black swallowtail), a species that feeds almost exclusively on plants containing furanocoumarins. 

DDT Musca domestica Many strains Enhanced DDT-ase DDTase inhibitors reduce resistance... 

Resistance of house flies (Musca domestica) to DDT was attributed to its transformation to the nontoxic DDE, and the enzyme that carries the dehydrochlorination has been characterized in DDT-resistant flies (Lipke and Kearns 1959a,b). The herbicide alachlor is transformed by chironomid larvae by O-demethylation followed by loss of the chloroacetyl group to produce 2,6-diethylaniline... 

This exposure chamber is not restricted to any species of test insect and the extract of tissue suspected of containing a given insecticide may, of course, be prepared in any desired manner. The use of the common housefly, Musca domestica, as test insect and... 

One of the sex pheromone components of the housefly, Musca domestica, is Z9-21 H that is found on the cuticular surface of the fly. This compound is formed by the elongation of Z9-18 CoA using malonyl-CoA and NADPH to Z15-24 CoA which is decarboxylated to form Z9-21 Hc (Fig. 3) [78-80]. Other pheromone components include an epoxide and ketone that are produced from Z9-21 Hc by a cytochrome P450 [81,82] and methyl-branched alkanes that are produced by the substitution of methylmalonyl-CoA in place of malonyl-CoA at specific points during chain elongation [83,84]. A novel microsomal fatty acid synthase is involved in production of methyl-branched alkanes in most insects [85-87]. This fatty acid synthase is different from the ubiquitous soluble fatty acid synthase that produces saturated straight chain fatty acids in that it is found in the microsomes and prefers methylmalonyl-CoA. The amino acids valine and isoleucine can provide the carbon skeletons for methylmalonyl-CoA as well as propionate [83]. 

Muscalure is the sex attractant of the common housefly (Musca domesticd). 

Studies with susceptible and selectively bred carbofuran-resistant houseflies (Musca domestica) indicated that LD50 values for susceptible and resistant strains were 0.1 and 1.3 pg/insect, respectively (Dorough 1973). Resistant flies contained up to 34% more cholinesterase than susceptible strains and could excrete carbofuran almost twice as fast (Dorough 1973). Carbofuran resistance among pestiferous insects is not yet widely known or adequately documented. 

No detectable residues in milk and tissues, except liver (0.01 mg/kg FW) liver residues remained detectable after a 7-day withdrawal period No detectable residues in milk and tissues, except liver (0.08 mg/kg FW) liver residues remained detectable after a 7-day withdrawal period Liver residue of 0.54 mg/kg FW remained elevated after a 7-day withdrawal period residues in milk reached 0.013 mg/L within the first few days of feeding and declined to nondetectable (ND) levels after a 4-day withdrawal period No detectable residues in any tissue. Tb 1/2 of 4-5 days in manure manure gave >95% control of larvae of the face fly, Musca autumnalis No detectable residues in any tissue except omental fat (0.1 mg/kg FW). No houseflies (Musca domestica) or face flies developed in manure No detectable diflubenzuron residues in heart, muscle, or kidney 130 pg/kg FW in liver about 250 pg/kg FW in subcutaneous fat... 

Giga, D.P. 1987. Evaluation of the insect growth regulators cyromazine and diflubenzuron as surface sprays and feed additives for controlling houseflies Musca domestica (L.) in chicken manure. Inter. Pest Contr. 29 66-69. 

Scott, T.W., R.W. Miller, and F.W. Knapp. 1986. Field evaluation of diflubenzuron boluses with and without flucythrinate ear tags for control of horn flies, Haematobia irritans and face flies, Musca autumnalis, on pastured cattle. Jour. Agricul. Entomol. 3 105-113. 

Webb, D.P and K.B. Wildey. 1986. Evaluation of the larvicide diflubenzuron for the control of a multiinsecticide resistant strain of housefly (Musca domestica) on a UK pig farm. Inter. Pest Control 28 64-66. 

Famoxon is about 100 times more effective than famphur in controlling houseflies (Musca spp.), which confirms the generalization that the corresponding oxons are the most effective anticholinesterase agents and are, in fact, the actual toxicants (O Brien et al. 1965). 

Pyrethrin II was also detected in young leaves 2 months after seeding, similarly to pyrethrin I, but the content remained at about 0.05 wt% without seasonal change for 2 years. The insecticidal potency of pyrethrins obtained from pyrethrum leaves was confirmed with Musca domestica. 

Table 3 Pyrethroid resistance against Musca domestica (tested in 1997)...

Sawicki RM, Denholm I, Famham AW, Murray AWA (1986) Structure-activity relationship to pyrethroid insecticides in houseflies (Musca domestica L.) with kdr and super-kdr. Sixth International Congress Pesticide Chemistry, Ottawa, Canada, Abstract 3E-25... 

On the other hand, the lethal efficacy for adult house flies (Musca domestica) is about the same as D-allethrin and approximately 0.5 that of prallethrin. In addition, the efficacy for female adult German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) is approximately twice that of D-allethrin and approximately 0.5 that of prallethrin. From the results mentioned above, we can see that Metofluthrin has an extremely high lethal efficacy for mosquitoes in particular. 

Compounds Culex pipiens pallens Aedes albopictus Musca domestica Blattella germanica... 

Tanaka K, Matsumura F. Altered picrotoxinin receptor as a cause for cyclodiene resistance in Musca domestica, Aedes aegypti and Blattella germanica. In Clark JM, ed. Membrane Receptor Enzyme Targets Insecicide Action, New York, NY, USA, 1986. New York, NY Plenum, 33-49. 

---