Housefly, Musca domestica

CYP6D1 of the housefly (Musca domestica) has been found to hydroxylate cyper-methrin and thereby provide a resistance mechanism to this compound and other pyrethroids in this species (Scott et al. 1998 see also Chapter 12). Also, this insect P450 can metabolize plant toxins such as the linear furanocoumarins xanthotoxin and bergapten (Ma et al. 1994). This metabolic capability has been found in the lepi-dopteran Papilio polyxenes (black swallowtail), a species that feeds almost exclusively on plants containing furanocoumarins. 

This exposure chamber is not restricted to any species of test insect and the extract of tissue suspected of containing a given insecticide may, of course, be prepared in any desired manner. The use of the common housefly, Musca domestica, as test insect and... 

One of the sex pheromone components of the housefly, Musca domestica, is Z9-21 H that is found on the cuticular surface of the fly. This compound is formed by the elongation of Z9-18 CoA using malonyl-CoA and NADPH to Z15-24 CoA which is decarboxylated to form Z9-21 Hc (Fig. 3) [78-80]. Other pheromone components include an epoxide and ketone that are produced from Z9-21 Hc by a cytochrome P450 [81,82] and methyl-branched alkanes that are produced by the substitution of methylmalonyl-CoA in place of malonyl-CoA at specific points during chain elongation [83,84]. A novel microsomal fatty acid synthase is involved in production of methyl-branched alkanes in most insects [85-87]. This fatty acid synthase is different from the ubiquitous soluble fatty acid synthase that produces saturated straight chain fatty acids in that it is found in the microsomes and prefers methylmalonyl-CoA. The amino acids valine and isoleucine can provide the carbon skeletons for methylmalonyl-CoA as well as propionate [83]. 

Studies with susceptible and selectively bred carbofuran-resistant houseflies (Musca domestica) indicated that LD50 values for susceptible and resistant strains were 0.1 and 1.3 pg/insect, respectively (Dorough 1973). Resistant flies contained up to 34% more cholinesterase than susceptible strains and could excrete carbofuran almost twice as fast (Dorough 1973). Carbofuran resistance among pestiferous insects is not yet widely known or adequately documented. 

No detectable residues in milk and tissues, except liver (0.01 mg/kg FW) liver residues remained detectable after a 7-day withdrawal period No detectable residues in milk and tissues, except liver (0.08 mg/kg FW) liver residues remained detectable after a 7-day withdrawal period Liver residue of 0.54 mg/kg FW remained elevated after a 7-day withdrawal period residues in milk reached 0.013 mg/L within the first few days of feeding and declined to nondetectable (ND) levels after a 4-day withdrawal period No detectable residues in any tissue. Tb 1/2 of 4-5 days in manure manure gave >95% control of larvae of the face fly, Musca autumnalis No detectable residues in any tissue except omental fat (0.1 mg/kg FW). No houseflies (Musca domestica) or face flies developed in manure No detectable diflubenzuron residues in heart, muscle, or kidney 130 pg/kg FW in liver about 250 pg/kg FW in subcutaneous fat... 

Giga, D.P. 1987. Evaluation of the insect growth regulators cyromazine and diflubenzuron as surface sprays and feed additives for controlling houseflies Musca domestica (L.) in chicken manure. Inter. Pest Contr. 29 66-69. 

Webb, D.P and K.B. Wildey. 1986. Evaluation of the larvicide diflubenzuron for the control of a multiinsecticide resistant strain of housefly (Musca domestica) on a UK pig farm. Inter. Pest Control 28 64-66. 

Sawicki RM, Denholm I, Famham AW, Murray AWA (1986) Structure-activity relationship to pyrethroid insecticides in houseflies (Musca domestica L.) with kdr and super-kdr. Sixth International Congress Pesticide Chemistry, Ottawa, Canada, Abstract 3E-25... 

Laboratory studies have indicated that ozone at l%Mg/m (0.10 ppm) was lethal to adult houseflies Musca domestica L.) and caused them to lay fewer eggs. Two cockroach species Paraplaneta americana L. and Nauphoeta cinerea Oliver) and the red fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren) were exposed to ozone at SSSug/m (0.30 ppm) for up to 10 days. There was no unusual mortality or evidence of direct injury to individual insects. The fire ant workers were stimulated to migrate inside their nest initially, but further observations indicated no disruption of social behavior. These reports do not suggest that free-ranging insects would be directly affected by ambient concentrations of ozone in natural ecosystems or agroecosystems. 

Histamine (136) is detected in mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Culex (Culicidae) beside uric acid (95) in the former (Tables VI and VIII). Catecholamines such as adrenaline (132), noradrenaline (133), and dopamine (134) are found in the larvae of the housefly, Musca domestica (Muscidae) (Table VIII). Some pteridines are found in species of the genera Cnephia (Simuliidae) and Piophila (Piophilidae) and in other Diptera. Species of the genus Glossina (Glossinidae) contain uric acid (95) (Table VI). 

HOUSEFLIES, Musca domestica 250-5000 mg B/kg diet, as boric acid Inhibits reproduction (2)... 

A number of insect sex pheromones are long-chain internal olefins or their epoxides and can be prepared via metathesis reactions, for example the reaction of dec-l-ene with pentadec-l-ene to give tricos-9-ene, the cis isomer of which is a sex pheromone of the housefly (Musca domestica)173.174. see ajso Kiipper and Streck175,176. 

Vaz A. H., Blomquist G. J., Wakayama E. J. and Reitz R. C. (1987) Characterization of the fatty acyl elongation reactions involved in hydrocarbon biosynthesis in the housefly Musca domestica. Insect Biochem. 18, 177-184. 

Adams T. S. and Holt G. G. (1987) Effect of pheromone components when applied to different models on male sexual behavior in the housefly, Musca domestica. J. Insect Physiol. 33, 9-18. 

Adams T. S., Gerst J. W. and Masler E. P. (1997) Regulation of ovarian ecdysteroid production in the housefly, Musca domestica. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 35,135-148. 

Blomquist G. J., Adams T. S., Halamkar P. P., Gu P., Mackay M. E. and Brown L. (1992) Ecdysteroid induction of sex pheromone biosynthesis in the housefly, Musca domestica. Are other factors involved J. Insect Physiol. 38, 309-318. 

Blomquist G. J., Guo L., Gu P., Blomquist C., Reitz R. C. and Reed J. R. (1994) Methyl-branched fatty acids and their biosynthesis in the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera Muscidae). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 24, 803-810. 

Dillwith J. W. and Blomquist G. J. (1982) Site of sex pheromone biosynthesis in the female housefly, Musca domestica. Experientia 38, 471—473. 

Gu P., Welch W. H., Guo L., Schegg K. M. and Blomquist G. J. (1997) Characterization of a novel microsomal fatty acid synthetase (FAS) compared to a cytosolic FAS in the housefly, Musca domestica. Comparative Biochem. Physiol. 118B, 447-456. 

Halamkar P. P., Heisler C. R. and Blomquist G. J. (1986) Propionate catabolism in the housefly Musca domestica and the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis. Insect Biochem. 16, 455-461. 

---