Black swallowtail

CYP6D1 of the housefly (Musca domestica) has been found to hydroxylate cyper-methrin and thereby provide a resistance mechanism to this compound and other pyrethroids in this species (Scott et al. 1998 see also Chapter 12). Also, this insect P450 can metabolize plant toxins such as the linear furanocoumarins xanthotoxin and bergapten (Ma et al. 1994). This metabolic capability has been found in the lepi-dopteran Papilio polyxenes (black swallowtail), a species that feeds almost exclusively on plants containing furanocoumarins. 

Ma, R., Cohen, M.B., and Berenbaum, M.R. et al. (1994). Black swallowtail alleles encode cytochrome P450s that selectively metabolise linear furanocoumarins. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 310, 332-340. 

Queen, Eastern Black Swallowtail, and Atala Butterflies.530... 

Butterfly larvae (Monarch, Danaus plexippus Queen, Danaus gillipus Eastern Black Swallowtail, Papilio polyxenes asterius and Atala, Eurnaceus atala florida) were collected in South Florida approximately seven to eight days after hatching. The larvae were carefully dissected to remove the gut to prevent the contamination of the epidermis with the intestinal contents. The epidermis was... 

Metabolic Detoxification of Linear and Angular Furanocoumarins by Caterpillars of the Black Swallowtail Butterfly... 

Most insect herbivores appear to be rather effectively repelled by furanocoumarin-containing plants (21-24). A notable exception to this generalization occurs among some butterflies of the family Paplllonldae, whose caterpillars are adapted to feed successfully and in fact preferentially on plants that contain linear, but not angular, furanocoumarlns (22). These circumstances prompted us to undertake studies with the black swallowtail butterfly (Papilio polyxenes) and radiolabeled furanocoumarlns in attempts to elucidate the nature of the Insect/furanocoumarln Interactions Involved. 

Our initial studies (25,26) determined the comparative fate of a radiocarbon-labeled preparation of the commonly occurring linear furanocoumarln, xanthotoxln (8-methoxypsoralen) in black swallowtail caterpillars and in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith) larvae. Black swallowtail caterpillars are known not to be adversely affected by linear furanocoumarlns (22), while Spodoptera spp. avoid such plants as food sources... 

Figure 2. Major metabolites of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) in last-stage larvae of the black swallowtail butterfly (Papilio polyxenes) and the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda).

Oviposition stimulation. Ethanol (95%) extract of the aerial parts was active on black swallowtail butterfly . 

DC 129 Feeny, P., K. Sachdev, L. Rosenberry, and M. Carter. Luteolin-7-0-(6 -0 malonyl) beta-D glucoside and DC140 tranS chlorogenic acid oviposition stimulants for the black swallowtail butterfly. Phytochemistry 1988 27(11) 3439-3448. 

The majority of swallowtail butterflies of the genus Papilio (family Papilionidae) exclusively utilize plants of the family Rutaceae as hosts, with a few species exploiting limited plant species of the families Apiaceae or Lauraceae. The North American black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes, a specialist on members of carrot family (Apiaceae), has already been shown to lay eggs in response to a mixture of two chemotactile stimulants, luteolin 7-0-(6"-0-malonyl)-/3-D-glucoside and trawr-chlorogenic acid, identified from one of its major host plants, Daucus carota (wild carrot). Further study revealed that the oviposition response by the butterfly to another host plant, Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip), was evoked by a combination of tyramine (1), trans-chlorogenic acid, and a neutral fraction from the plant.4... 

Bull, D.L., Ivie, G.W., Beier, R.C., and Pryor, N.W., In vitro metabolism of a linear furanocoumarin (8-methoxypsoralen, xanthotoxin) by mixed-function oxidases of larvae of black swallowtail butterfly and fall army worm, /. Chem. Ecol., 12,885,1986. 

Interestingly, the black swallowtail butterfly has maximized its metabolic detoxification processes allowing its larva to feed on plants with a high linear furanocoumarin content (40) Psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin, and isopimpinellin are... 

Wraight, C.L., Zangeri, A.R., Carroll, M.J. and Berenbaum, M.R. (2000). Absence of toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis poUen to black swallowtails under field conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97,1100-1103. 

IviE, G. W., D. L. Bull, R. C. Beier, and N. W. Pryor, Metabolic detoxification of linear and angular furanocoumarins by caterpillars of the black swallowtail butterfly, in Allelochemicals Role in Agriculture and Forestry (G. R. Waller, ed.), ACS Symposium Series 330, 455-462, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1987. 

Oviposition by females of the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxeneSy was stimulated by tarsal contact with ethanolic extracts of carrot foliage, Daucus carota. Two of the stimulants were identified as -chlorogenic acid and lute-... 

Butterflies of the genus Papilio normally do not feed on plants that contain glucosinolates. Glucosinolates are toxic to the black swallowtail Papilio polyxenes) when larvae of this insect eat celery leaves that have been infiltrated with potassium allylglucosinolate (sinigrin) (Fig. 17.1) (15) at a concentration of 0.1% fresh weight (Chew, 1988 David and Gardiner, 1966). 

Wen Z, Rupasinghe S, Niu G, Berenbaum MR, Schuler MA (2006) CYP6B1 and CYP6B3 of the black swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes) adaptive... 

The close relationships of larval growth rates and efficiencies (see Fig. 7.1 Waldbauer, 1968) with leaf nitrogen content is illustrated in Fig. 7.2. The symbols represent the mean performance ( SE) of the black swallowtail butterfly, Papiliopolyxenes, larvae for 11 different species of the Umbelliferae family at particular times of the growing season. The poor correspondence of plant N... 

Later, Feeny and collaborators (Feeny et al. 1983, 1988) compared several bioassays to determine the chemical(s) in wild carrot, Daucus carota, eliciting oviposition by the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes. A number of artificial substrates were tried, including artificial leaves made of (1) green construction paper (2) agar, cellulose powder, and green food coloring (following... 

Erickson, J.M. P. Feeny. 1974. Sinigrin a chemical barrier to the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes. Ecology 55 103-111. 

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