Fatty acids solubility

One of the sex pheromone components of the housefly, Musca domestica, is Z9-21 H that is found on the cuticular surface of the fly. This compound is formed by the elongation of Z9-18 CoA using malonyl-CoA and NADPH to Z15-24 CoA which is decarboxylated to form Z9-21 Hc (Fig. 3) [78-80]. Other pheromone components include an epoxide and ketone that are produced from Z9-21 Hc by a cytochrome P450 [81,82] and methyl-branched alkanes that are produced by the substitution of methylmalonyl-CoA in place of malonyl-CoA at specific points during chain elongation [83,84]. A novel microsomal fatty acid synthase is involved in production of methyl-branched alkanes in most insects [85-87]. This fatty acid synthase is different from the ubiquitous soluble fatty acid synthase that produces saturated straight chain fatty acids in that it is found in the microsomes and prefers methylmalonyl-CoA. The amino acids valine and isoleucine can provide the carbon skeletons for methylmalonyl-CoA as well as propionate [83]. 

In milk plasma, fat may be present as extremely small globules, water-soluble fatty acids and other lipids, water-dispersible lipids, or lipoprotein particles. The amount is small, 0.02-0.03%. Obviously, most of the lipid is TG in the core of the globules. 

Heinemann L, Sinha K, Weyer C, Loftager M, Hirschberger S, Heise T. Time-action profile of the soluble, fatty acid acylated, long-acting insulin analogue NN304. Diabet Med 1999 16(4) 332-8. 

Ekrami, H., A. Kennedy, and W. Shen. 1995. Water-soluble fatty acid derivatives as acylating agents for reversible lipidization of polypeptides. FEBS Lett 371 283. 

Wherever possible, the soaps and surfactants were added to the natural rubber latex as dilute aqueous solutions. The cases where this was not possible were (a) ethylene oxide-fatty alcohol condensates of low ethylene oxide fatty alcohol mole ratio, and (b) sparingly-soluble fatty-acid soaps such as lithium laurate and calcium soaps. The former were added as pastes with water, the latter as dry powders. In all cases, the latex samples were allowed to mature for about three days at room temperature before their mechanical stabilities were determined. This allowed some opportunity for the attainment of adsorption equilibrium. 

Gu P, Welch W. H. and Blomquist G. J. (1993) Methyl-branched fatty acid biosynthesis in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica kinetic studies comparing a microsomal and soluble fatty acid synthetases. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 23, 263-271. 

Schofield and Bideal1 have mapped the relation between F and A for the longer chain, yet still appreciably soluble, fatty acids from 6 to 12 carbons long, using Frumkin s measurements of the surface tension of their solutions.8 Their results are shown in the upper six curves of Fig. 29, the product FA being plotted as ordinates and the surface pressure F as abscissae. For comparison, the results for the acids from 12-15 carbon atoms, determined by spreading the acid and measuring the surface... 

The use of fish oils as raw materials for the production of EPA and DHA concentrates has been widely investigated for nearly two decades (97, 101, 102, 104, 110). The fractionation of fish oil triacylglycerols is a rather complex process, where an esterification step usually precedes the fractionation where the triacylglycerols are converted into more soluble fatty acid esters. Although earlier studies used batch column fractionation to attain the concentration of EPA and... 

Reichert-Meisel Number (R.M.number) It is defined as the number of millilitres of 0.1 N alkali required to neutralise the soluble volatile fatty aicds contained in 5 gm of fat. It measures the volatile soluble fatty acids. It is confined to butter and coconut oil. The determination of Reichert-Meisel number is important to the food chemist because it helps to detect the adulteration in butter and ghee. Reichert-Meisel value is reduced when animal fat is used as adulterant in butter or ghee. 

Introduction. The object of this experiment is to illustrate a number of general reactions of carboxylic acids. Salt formation is a characteristic property of the carboxyl group. The salts of the alkali metals as a rule are soluble. The higher, sparingly soluble, fatty acids form salts which give colloidal dispersions. The soluble salts are prepared by neutralization of the acid with alkali, or by boiling with an excess of the metallic carbonate and evaporating the solution. 

Reichert-Meissl number. A measure of volatile, soluble fatty acids derived under arbitrary conditions. 

K. Ichihara (1994). Separation and partial characterization of soluble fatty acid a-hydroxylase from Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 201, 1554-1560. 

Butyric acid is a thick, sour liquid, which boils at 162°, and is miscible with water in all proportions. Addition of calcium chloride to an aqueous solution of the acid causes the latter to separate as an oil. The other soluble fatty acids, with the exception of formic and acetic acids, act in this way. The salts of butyric acid are soluble in water. Calcium butyrate, (C4H702)2Ca.H20, is more soluble in cold than in hot water. It is precipitated, in part, when a cold saturated solution of the salt is heated to boiling. The calcium salt of isobutyric acid (C4H702)2Ca.5H20, is more soluble in hot than in cold water. 

Cahoon, E.B., Lindguist, Y, Schneider, G., and Shanklin, J. 1997. Redesign of soluble fatty acid desaturases from plants for altered substrate specificity and double bond position, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 4872 877. 

Water soluble fatty acids, sugars, amino acids — — < 1 1-5... 

Soil as an Electrolyte Most soils are conductive due to the presence of dissolved ions, such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, (bi) carbonate, some soluble fatty acids, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and chloride ions. Most seemingly, dry soils have more than 5% moisture, sufficient to provide a continuous path for these ions to move. This is essential for plants as the roots need access to these nutrients and ion transport across membranes is the means with which they extract them. The most signihcant feature of natural soils, with respect to their contamination and subsequent remediation, is the high ion exchange capacity (Table 33.1). 

Reichert-Meissl value n. The number of ml of MIO potassium hydroxide solution required to neutralize the free volatile and soluble fatty acids in 5g of the sample under test. 

Markussen, J., Havelund, S., Kurtzhals, P., Andersen, A. S., Halstrom, J., Hasselager, E., Larsen, U. D., Ribel, U., Schaffer, L., Vad, K., and Jonassen, I., 1996, Soluble, fatty acid acylated insulins bind to albumin and show protracted action in pigs, Diabetologia 39 281-288. 

Fatty acid Solubility Fatty acid Solubility ... 

The results of th( s(i methods are returned as fatty acids, but are in reality insoluble fatty acids, the soluble fatty acids l>emg generally disregarded. Mo woven in soaps made from cocoa-nut and palm-kernel oils (which contain an appreciabb quantity of soluble fatty acids) the acid li( Uor is shaken with (nther, and, after evaporation of the ethereal extract, the amount of fatty matttu kdt is added to the result already obtained as above, or the cither nu thocl described below may be advantageously employed. 

Brooks, J.L. and Stumpf, P.K. (1965) A soluble fatty acid synthesizing system from lettuce chloroplasts. Biochim, Eiophys, Acta, 98, 213-216. 

Free fatty acids are not used as surfactants, due to their low solubility in water. However water-soluble fatty acid salts show good water affinity and are widely used, especially the alkaline ones and those resulting from neutralization with short-chain amines (ethanol amine, diethanol amine, triethanol amine). 

Pigeon liver (soluble Fatty acids Synthesis occurs aerobically or (224)... 

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