Multilayer thin films polyelectrolytes

In 1991 Decher and coworkers introduced a new method to prepare multilayered thin films by electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes [3, 62, 63]. In this fashion, thin molecular films comprised of charged polymers. 

Fendler, J.H. (2003) in Multilayer Thin Films Layer-by-Layer Self-assembled Polyelectrolytes and Nanoplatelets... 

Picart C, Bernard S, Sengupta K, Dubreuil F, Fery A (2007) Measuring mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films novel methods based on AFM and optical techniques. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 303 30-36... 

Rubner MF (2003) pH-controlled fabrication of polyelectrolyte-multilayers assembly and applications. In Decher G, Schlenoff JB (eds) Multilayer thin-films. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p133-154... 

Neural stem cells are known for their sensitivity to the environment. Jan and Kotov reported the differentiation of mouse embryonic neural stem cells on SWNT-polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films [poly(ethylene imine) PEI/SWNT, six layers], which were assembled layer by layer.111 The cells were successfully differentiated to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes with a clear formation of neurites. Compared to the widely used poly(L-ornithine) (PLO) substrates, the six-layer PEI/ SWNT thin films exhibited similar properties in terms of biocompatibihty, neurites outgrowth, and the expression of neural markers.111... 

Fig. 27 Schematic illustration of the LbL self-assembly of a charged poly(phenylacetylene) with induced macromolecular helicity. a An excess of the one-handed helical sense is induced in 30 upon complexation with the optically active (S)-75 in water, b An induced helical 30 can be LbL assembled with an achiral polyelectrolyte having opposite charges (PAH), resulting in multilayer thin films with an induced macromolecular helicity on a substrate...

A new technique for growing multilayer thin films composed of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes has been described by Decher and co-workers... 

Burke SE, Barrett CJ. 2003a. Acid base equilibria of weak polyelectrolytes in multilayer thin films. Langmuir 19(8) 3297 3303. 

The surface stiffness-dependent behaviour of bacteria has been less explored compared with that of mammalian cells. Using polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films composed of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(acrylic acid) as model materials, Lichter et al. found that the adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis is positively correlated with the stiffness of this material with a varied Young s modulus from 0.8 to 80 MPa, independent of surface roughness and charge density. Other photo-cross-linkable polyelectrolyte films made from poly(L-lysine) (PLL) and hya-luronan derivative modified with photo-reactive vinylbenzyl groups (HAVE) have also been examined. The adhesion and growth of two model bacteria, E. coli and Lactococcus lactis, were examined on the softer (non-cross-linked) and stiffer... 

Kiel, M., Mitzscherling, S., Leitenberger, W., Santer, S., Tiersch, B., Sievers, T.K., Mohwald, H., Bargheer, M. Structural characterization of a spin-assisted colloid-polyelectrolyte assembly stratified multilayer thin films. Langmuir 26,18499-18502 (2010)... 

Detsri E, Dubas ST. Interfacial polymerization of polyaniline and its layer-by-layer assembly into polyelectrolytes multilayer thin-films. J Appl Polym Sci 2013 128(l) 558-65. 

The ESA deposition process has been used to deposit alternate nanolayers of PSS and PAH on substrates of cotton and wool fabric. Treatment of the samples with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride was proven to be an effective procedure to create a substrate able to support multilayer thin films. XPS and TEM provided direct and indirect evidence of the efficacy of the deposition process. In addition, quantitative agreement of the XPS data with previously published data using several synthetic substrates corroborates that the LbL deposition process can be used as a method for the modification of textile fibers and fabrics. The experimental results also show that ESA is more dependent on the nature of the polyelectrolytes than that of the original substrate. 

Decher, G., Polyelectrolyte multilayers, anoverview , inG. Decher and J. Schlenoff, Editors. Multilayer Thin Films, 2003, Wiley-VCH. p. 1-46. 

Hodak, J., et al.. Layer-by-layer self-assembly of glucose oxidase with a poly(aUylamine)ferrocene redox mediator. Langmuir, 1997.13(10) p. 2708-2716. Yoo, D., et al.. New electro-active self-assembled multilayer thin films based on alternately adsorbed layers of polyelectrolytes and functional dye molecules. Synthetic Metals, 1997. 85(1-3) p. 1425-1426. 

Ninham, B.W. and Yaminsky, V., Ion binding and ion specificity the Hofmeister effect and Onsager and Lifshitz theories. Langmuir, 1997. 13(7) p. 2097-2108. Keller, S.W., et al., Photoinduced charge separation in multilayer thin films grown by sequential adsorption of polyelectrolytes. J Amer Chem Soc, 1995. 117(51) p. 12879-12880. 

Anzai, J., et al.. Layer-by-layer construction of multilayer thin films composed of avidin and biotin-labeled poly(amine)s. Langmuir, 1999. 15(1) p. 221-226. Laschewsky, A., et al.. Molecular recognition by hydrogen bonding in polyelectrolyte multilayers. Chem-A Europ J, 1997. 3(1) p. 34—38. 

Schoeler B, Kumaraswamy G, Caruso F (2002) Investigation of the influence of polyelectrolyte charge density on the growth of multilayer thin films prepared by the layer-by-layer technique. Macromolecules 35 889-897... 

Mendelson, J., Barrett, C., Chan, V., Pal, A., Mayes, A. and Rubner, M. (2000) Fabrication of microporous thin films from polyelectrolyte multilayers. Langmuir, 16, 5017—5023. 

P.A. Neff, A. Naji, C. Ecker, B. Nickel, R. Klitzing, and A.R. Bausch, Electrical detection of self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayers by a thin film resistor. Macromolecules 39, 463 466 (2006). 

Nolle AJ, Cohen RE, Rubner ME (2006) A two-plate buckling technique for thin film modulus measurements applications to polyelectrolyte multilayers. Macromolecules 39 4841-4847... 

Park J, Hammond PT. Multilayer transfer printing for polyelectrolyte multilayer patterning direct transfer of layer-hy-layer assembled micropattemed thin films. Adv Mater 2004 16 520-525. 

Keywords wrinkling Thin-film Elastomeric polymer Polydimethylsiloxane Patterns Deformation Surfaces Self-assembly Polyelectrolyte multilayer films Thin-films Polymer brushes Colloidal crystallization Mechanical-properties Assembled monolayers Buckling instability Elastomeric polymer Tobacco-mosaic-virus Soft lithography Arrays... 

Several polymer/polyelectrolyte-nanocrystal hybrid devices have been fabricated seeking to exploit the electro and photoluminescent properties of such material [179-188]. Device fabrication in all these cases is by low-cost self-assembly based techniques. These devices utilize thin films of these hybrids obtained either by multilayer deposition or drop/spin casting methods. Thus, solar cells have been made from poly(2-hexylthiophene)-CdSe nanorod multilayers, lasers from drop cast films of CdSe-titania composites and an infrared emitter from multilayers... 

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