Multilayer composite design

Other authors have produced multi-ion chemfets. Matsuo and Esashi have demonstrated that multi-ion ehemfet structures can be planar processed in a two-ion needle shaped form (48). Their ingenious needle shaped design permits them to incorporate two or possibly three sensitive elements at the tip. However, the demands of electrical and chemical isolation become increasingly difficult as the number of ion sensitive elements increases in these devices. Pace has demonstrated that a pH sensitive element, combined with a multilayer composite structure, can be used to detect a wide range of chemical species (56). This concept is quite versatile and has been proposed as the means to extend the capability of the pH sensitive... 

Figure 6.61 Coolant tube and design of a multilayer composite.

Mamedov, A.A., Kotov, N.A., Prato, M., Guldi, D.M., Wicksted, J.P., Hirsch, A., 2002. Molecular design of strong single-wall carbon nanotube/polyelectrolyte multilayer composites. Nat. Mater. 1,190-194. 

Wisniewski J (2004), Optimal design of reinforcing fibres in multilayer composites using Genetic Algorithms , Fibres Text East Ear, 12, No 3(47), 58-63. 

A major field of 3D medical textiles is multilayered composite dressings used in wound management. The multilayered structure is used to provide a multifunctional dressing where each layer is designed to contribute a specific quality of need to facilitate wound healing. 

Mamedov, A. F., N. A. Kotov, M. Prato, D. M. Guldi, J. P. Wicksted, and A. Hirsch (2002). Molecular design of strong single-waU carbon nanotube/polyelectrolyte multilayer composites. Nature Materials 1(3) 190-194. 

Abrasive particles contained in a hydraulic oil system, if unfiltered, enter the system, they would damage sensitive components like pumps, valves, and motors. The nonwoven hydraulic filter is designed to remove these parficles from the oU flow to prevent hydraulic system failure from any premature component wear. Nonwoven filters either contain novel materials, such as magnetic polymer fibres, or have special designed structures (eg, multilayer composite filter medium for serial filtration ) that are employed to filter the solid abrasive particulates, soft particles, corrosive chemical particles, and some microorganisms. 

Multilayer composite membrane can have low resistance by thinner thickness and low methanol crossover by impermeable substrate. The correlation between impregnated ionomer and substrate are the factors that control performance of PEM in DMFC. Process is also an important design factor to obtain good fuel cell performance. 

Thin solid films are layers that are present on a surface and have their top interface exposed to the environment Their extreme thinness in comparison with their lateral dimensions makes them systems that are infinite in two dimensions and are confined between an infinite gaseous phase and an infinite solid phase in the third one. As a result the global property of a layer is a combination of bulk and interface properties thus, one has to take into accoimt the thickness of the layer and the nature of the substrate when designing a coating for a specific application. Thin layers can be used for various purposes, depending on their surfece and/or bulk intrinsic properties. They can be dense, porous, patterned, multilayered, composite, and so on. Sol-gel films can be found in many different application domains such as optics (e.g., antireflection, self-cleaning, smart windows, and conductive transparent layers), electronics (e.g., microfabrication, low-/ , and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)), protection (e.g., anticorrosion, anti-abrasion, and antistatic), and analysis (e.g., selective sensors). In most of these applications, the function must be identical on the whole surface of the substrate, and thus the thickness has to be controlled as much as possible and must be as uniform as possible. 

Multilayer coatings or hlms have been proven to be successful in various applications, especially for wear protection. In multilayer systems, the intrinsic stress can be effectively reduced by designing interface number and composite materials in terms of the application and process technique. Therefore, the multilayer technique by which a specihe functional composite is able to approach received more attention for many years [17,18]. Here we introduce the results on microscale friction and scratch of DLC/DLC and Fe-N/TiN multilayers. 

The unique ability of these LbL redox multilayer systems with control of film thickness on the nanometer scale, the composition and thickness of each alternate layer separately as well as the surface charge by choice of the topmost layer brings about design and tailored properties of devices with important applications. 

The current trend in photoreceptor design is to use multilayer structures of various Se-based compositions, hi particular, certain additives, e.g.. As, Te, and Bi, have been shown to extend the spectral sensitivity of selenium to longer wavelengths [17, 20, 21]. Arsenic has been particularly effective in providing increased thermal stability and resistance to crystalhzation. 

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