Synergetic interaction

These simple and mostly intuitive arguments apply mainly to chemical and biological reaction engineering systems. For other systems such as fluid flow systems, the sources and causes of bifurcation and chaos can be quite different. It is well established that the transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow is a transition from nonchaotic to chaotic behavior. The synergetic interaction between hydrodynamically induced bifurcation and chaos and that resulting from chemical and biological reaction/diffusion is not well studied and calls for an extensive multidisciplinary research effort. 

A simulation model describes the temporal variation of a system in terms of the processes and interactions that are presumed to be at work. In connection with the development of new medicines, the model combines a pharmacokinetic description of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the medicine, with a detailed representation of the mechanisms responsible for its function and for the development of side-effects or possible synergetic interactions with other medicines [16]. 

In conclusion, Rh-containing catalysts obtained from HT precursors by calcination and further reduction are very promising for N2O decomposition under conditions of industrial interest (i.e., concentrated N2O stream, also containing O2 and H2O). These catalysts exhibit high conversion and stability with time-on-stream. On the contrary, any attempt to improve their performances by addition of Pd or La was fruitless, due to their segregation during calcination, which does not allow the required interdispersion of the elements to be achieved and inhibits any synergetic interaction. 

This paper describes the development and performance of a 16 mol% ceria stabilised zirconia supported palladium-zinc catalyst in vehicle exhaust after treatment. The main aspects of the novel catalytic system are i) the low temperature preparation of a thermally stable solid solution of tetragonal phase ceria stabilised zirconia, ii) the role of zinc in the dispersion of the palladium component and its synergetic interaction with palladium in an oxygen ion transfer mechanism, iii) the in situ perfomance of the catalyst under close-coupled engine conditions in producing... 

Carbon nanotubes, generally in the form of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), may exhibit specific adsorption and electronic properties in comparison with activated carbon, due primarily to their peculiar morphology, the role of defects, the probability of opening or closing of the tubes, and so on [5], which are believed to induce cooperative or synergetic interactions between metal or metal oxide... 

The orbital interaction leading to the fission of the M-R bond and the formation of the new bonds is the typical synergetic interaction of transition metals with n-acceptor ligands. The a(M-R) and 7t(alkene) orbitals, which are occupied, interact in a four-centered transition state with the a (M-R) and 7t (alkene) orbitals, which are vacant. This interaction produces a mixing of the rr(alkene) and 7t (alkene) orbitals that polarizes the alkene Compared to the simple alkene coordination (Fig. 6.1, left), where the donor and acceptor alkene orbitals interact only with the metal orbitals (this is the classical Chatt-Dewar model), the interaction with o(M-R) and o (M-R) leading to insertion polarizes the donor alkene orbital towards C ... 

WGS or OSC were often considered as the most significant effects. There is a high degree of synergetic interaction with noble metals (Pd, Pt, Rh) [63], which can lead to (i) the promotion of the bulk, and the reduction of the surface, with enhanced reactivity towards CO and NO (ii) an enhanced exchange rate between oxygen from the bulk and reactants from the gas phase, and (iii) an enhanced dispersion of the metal. 

The usual positive outcome of these strategies enables highlighting the complementarity and synergetic interaction of the two types of expertise. 

Early action should be taken in closing the overall energy performance gap to optimize operations. This is because operation improvement can be implemented quickly with little investment. Optimizing operations is to operate a process in the most energy-efficient manner via exploring synergetic interactions and running key... 

Densakulprasert N, Wannatong L, Chotpattananont D, Hiamtup P, Sirivat A, Schwank J (2005) Electrical conductivity of polytmiline/zeolite composites and synergetic interaction with CO. Mater Sci Eng B 117 276-282 Du J-H, Bai J, Cheng H-M (2007) The present status and key problems of carbon nanotube based polymer composites. eXPRESS Polym Lett l(5) 253-273... 

Wolf and Wilier (2006) reported an investigation with liquid crystal polymer-based bipolar plates. As the conductive filler, a combination of carbon fibers and carbon blacks at a loading level below 40 wt% was used and a conductivity-level up to 6 S/cm was achieved. Furthermore, they suggested a model of synergetic interaction effects of different fillers used in this study as depicted in Figure 6.3. 

In this chapter, we describe two examples of superlattice formation through synergetic interactions between building blocks and between a molecular network and a guest molecule at the liquid-solid interface. In both instances, various levels of adaptability of the DBA building block play central roles. 

Understanding and predicting the assembling behaviors of multi-component mixtures on solid surfaces is very challenging because of the formation of complex assemblies such as superlattice structures and quasi-crystals on surfaces. In this section, we describe the formation of superlattice structures at liquid-solid interfaces by co-adsorption of two structurally similar molecules, i.e., DBA-OCn bearing alkoxy chains that differ by only one methylene unit, via synergetic interactions between mutual components. Since DBA-OCn at the monocomponent level exhibits an odd-even effect related to molecular chirality that is an origin of superlattice formation, we will start with a discussion on the odd-even effect on molecular self-assemblies on surfaces. 

Such deformation can occur only periodically to furnish the observed superlattice structure because the remaining Q-symmetric pores cannot be deformed in the same way any longer. The formation of a superlattice structure arises from synergetic interactions between the host network and the guest via an induced-fit mechanism. It... 

To obtain a high performance through synergetic interaction. 

In this second example we have been able to put into evidence synergetic interactions between safety and security by modeling safety and security events in an industrial architecture. The qualitative and quantitative analyzes enable to rank the scenarios leading to the undesirable event and to identify the most probable scenarios. It is consequently possible to point out the most vulnerable items in the system and take preventive measures accordingly. 

The use of amine stabilizers in blends should generally not be considered (ami-nolysis of the PC phase) because of their basicity and their tendency to discolor under light exposure. Frequently used stabilizers are 2,6 di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, dilauryl thiodipropionate, and tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite. The load level ranges between 0.1 and 1.0 wt.% this amount can be reduced by utilizing synergetic interaction [551]. 

The long-term properties and recycling in nature of polymers depend on the synergetic interaction of physical and chemical abiotic factors and also on the biotic effects of the surroundings. 

A catastrophic failure of stressed metals in corrosive solutions in comparison with their stable behavior in air can be explained by the synergetic interaction between mechanical and chemical processes described as mechanochemical phenomena [53]. Chemical (electrochemical) reactions proceeding on the metal surface and causing additional dislocation flux and localized enhanced plasticity, affect the fine microstructure and creep properties of a solid. 

The synergetic interaction between ceria and other metals, when solid solutions are not formed, can also result in very active and resistant catalysts. Several catalyst formulations containing supported transition... 

His strong belief in the synergetic interaction of Principles and Practice in the field of metallurgy impelled him to assemble an innovative, diverse staff at General Electric, and to inspire independent exploration that benefited both science and engineering. 

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