Introductory material

The book is intended to provide a foundation for the senior-level or first-year graduate student interested in shock-compression science, and to expose the student to the basic experimental, theoretical, and numerical tools prevailing in the field. Students should find the introductory material presented to be useful in preparation for more advanced studies of shock compression. Several problems are also presented with the different chapters to aid the student in understanding the material presented. Those interested in pursuing this field are encouraged to understand these problems in depth. 

To develop a terse, broad description of mechanical, physical, and chemical processes in solids, this book is divided into five parts. Part I contains one chapter with introductory material. Part II summarizes aspects of mechanical responses of shock-compressed solids and contains one chapter on materials descriptions and one on experimental procedures. Part III describes certain physical properties of shock-compressed solids with one chapter on such effects under elastic compression and one chapter on effects under elastic-plastic conditions. Part IV describes work on chemical processes in shock-compressed solids and contains three chapters. Finally, Part V summarizes and brings together a description of shock-compressed solids. The information contained in Part II is available in much better detail in other reliable sources. The information in Parts III and IV is perhaps presented best in this book. 

This book is divided into five parts the problem, accidents, health risk, hazard risk, and hazard risk analysis. Part 1, an introduction to HS AM, presents legal considerations, emergency planning, and emergency response. This Part basically ser es as an oveiwiew to the more teclmical topics covered in the remainder of the book. Part 11 treats the broad subject of accidents, discussing fires, explosions and other accidents. The chapters in Parts 111 and Part IV provide introductory material to health and hazard risk assessment, respectively. Pai1 V examines hazaid risk analysis in significant detail. The thiee chapters in this final part include material on fundamentals of applicable statistics theory, and the applications and calculations of risk analysis for real systems. 

Appears to be complete. Portal page to Introductory material, 6 books and 42 woodcuts of alchemical apparatus... 

Introductory material discusses various editions. Appendix is extracts from Heyms s Ambix article (1937). Also a 1978 edition ... 

Portal page to Introductory material, The Ancient War of the Knights, A Discourse between Eudoxus and Pyrophilus, The Ancient War of the Knights - revised version. 

Germain, Comte de Saint-.The most holy trinosophia. .. With introductory material and commentary by M. P. Hall. Illustrated with a complete photostatic facsimile from the orginal manuscript in the Bibliotheque de Troyes. 3rd ed ed. Edited by Manly Palmer Hall. 1933 reprint, Los Angeles Philosophers P, 1949. 149 p. 

An important objective has been a book that is sufficiently self-contained to allow first reading without consulting too many primary sources. The introductory material should elucidate most mathematical concepts and applications not familiar to the reader. For more detailed assistance one should refer to specialized volumes treating of mathematical methods for scientists, e.g. [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. It may be unavoidable to consult appropriate texts in pure mathematics, of which liberal use has been made here without reference. 

The sequence in which to introduce the range of topics presents a problem. To end up with a theory of chemistry based on relativity and quantum mechanics a minimum background in physical chemistry, mechanics and electromagnetism is essential, which in turn requires a knowledge of vectors, complex numbers and differential equations. The selection of material within the preliminary topics is strictly biased by later needs and presented in the usual style of the parent disciplines. Many readers may like to avoid some tedium by treating the introductory material only for reference, as and when required. 

In this appendix we derive several equations that are useful for working with flammability diagrams. Section 6-5 provides introductory material on the flammability diagram. In this section we derive equations proving that ... 

A basic review of computers and computing is given in reference 36. A short summary of this introductory material is presented here. 

Introductory material concerning the magnetic and optical properties of solids is given in ... 

For a superior introduction to this difficult topic, try Peter Rock s now classic book, Chemical Thermodynamics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1983. The treatment in Temperature Measurement (second edition), by Ludwik Michalski, Joseph McGhee, Krystyna Eckersdorf and Jacek Kucharski, Wiley, New York, 2001, is aimed at engineers manufacturing temperature-measuring machines, such as electrical and optical sensors, but some of its introductory material might help. 

The aim of this review is to first provide an introduction of electrocatalysis with the hope that it may introduce the subject to non-electrochemists. The emphasis is therefore on the surface chemistry of electrode reactions and the physics of the electrode electrolyte interface. A brief background of the interface and the thermodynamic basis of electrode potential is presented first in Section 2, followed by an introduction to electrode kinetics in Section 3. This introductory material is by no means comprehensive, but will hopefully provide sufficient background for the rest of the review. For more comprehensive accounts, please see texts listed in the references.1-3... 

In order to compare various reacting-flow models, it is necessary to present them all in the same conceptual framework. In this book, a statistical approach based on the one-point, one-time joint probability density function (PDF) has been chosen as the common theoretical framework. A similar approach can be taken to describe turbulent flows (Pope 2000). This choice was made due to the fact that nearly all CFD models currently in use for turbulent reacting flows can be expressed in terms of quantities derived from a joint PDF (e.g., low-order moments, conditional moments, conditional PDF, etc.). Ample introductory material on PDF methods is provided for readers unfamiliar with the subject area. Additional discussion on the application of PDF methods in turbulence can be found in Pope (2000). Some previous exposure to engineering statistics or elementary probability theory should suffice for understanding most of the material presented in this book. 

One of the concepts students often see in the introductory material of chemistry texts is density. Density is defined as the mass per unit volume (density = mass/volume). We treat this relationship as a simple definition and not just a... 

This book is dedicated exclusively to the family of nanocarbon hybrids covering a multidisciplinary research field that combines materials chemistry and physics with nanotechnology and applied energy sciences. It provides both introductory material on fundamental principles as well as reviews of the current research. Therefore, this book should be helpful for Master and PhD students wishing to become familiar with a modern field of knowledge-driven material science as well as for senior researchers and industrial staff scientists who explore the frontiers of knowledge. 

Physical organic chemistry is to be viewed as a particular approach to scientific enquiry rather than a further intellectual specialization. Thus organic compounds are taken to include organometallic compounds, and relevant aspects of physical, theoretical, inorganic and biological chemistry are incorporated in reviews where appropriate. Contributors are encouraged to provide suiRcient introductory material to permit non-specialists to appreciate fully current problems and the most recent advances. 

Selley, N. J., Experimental Approach to Electrochemistry, Edward Arnold, London, 1977. While desperately dated in parts, much of its introductory material is timeless, particularly in terms of preparing electrode surfaces for routine analyses (e.g. in its Section 8.3). The last chapter contains some projects in electrochemistry which can be tackled as worked examples. It also... 

A neural-network-based simulator can overcome the above complications because the network does not rely on exact deterministic models (i.e., based on the physics and chemistry of the system) to describe a process. Rather, artificia] neural networks assimilate operating data from an industrial process and learn about the complex relationships existing within the process, even when the input-output information is noisy and imprecise. This ability makes the neural-network concept well suited for modeling complex refinery operations. For a detailed review and introductory material on artificial neural networks, we refer readers to Himmelblau (2008), Kay and Titterington (2000), Baughman and Liu (1995), and Bulsari (1995). We will consider in this section the modeling of the FCC process to illustrate the modeling of refinery operations via artificial neural networks. 

By covering this introductory material in less detail, we are able, within the confines of a text that can be used for a one-year or a two-quarter course, to introduce the student to the more modem subjects treated in Sections 3, 5, and 6. Our coverage of modern quantum chemistry methodology is not as detailed as that found in Modem Quantum Chemistry, A. Szabo and N. S. Ostlund, Me Graw-Hill, New York (1989), which contains little or none of the introductory material of our Sections 1 and 2. 

Polymeric materials, especially the radiation-sensitive polymers, lie at the heart of all of these new technologies. For the first time, it will be necessary for the development engineer as well as the scientist to possess a thorough understanding of the chemistry of radiation-sensitive polymers. This book provides the foundation for such an understanding. Although the book is based on research papers presented at a symposium, it has been constructed with considerable introductory material and considerable editing with the result that it is more of a unified text than a compilation of research papers. 

The Copyright for Part 1 of TiHKAL has been reserved in all forms and it may not be distributed. Part 2 of TiHKAL may be distributed for non-commerical reproduction provided that the introductory material, copyright notice, cautionary notice and ordering information remain... 

The vignette included in each chapter (with the exception of Chapter 1) highlights an application (in practice or in advanced research) of some of the concepts discussed in that chapter. The vignettes included in Chapter 1, in addition to serving the above purpose and elaborating on the material discussed in the chapter, seek to link the introductory material in this chapter to more detailed, advanced topics treated in other chapters. 

As described in the introductory material, the arrangement of this Handbook is such that the physical properties and reactions of particular types of compounds are very systematically treated, and information on them can usually be rapidly assessed by consultation of the detailed contents under the Structure and Reactivity sections, respectively. However, it is not as simple to access the preparation of particular heterocyclic compounds for reasons which are discussed in the Synthesis section. A major aim of this index is to provide such information entries referring to the synthesis of a given compound are therefore denoted with an asterisk. 

As is mentioned in the introductory material, chromium exhibits a propensity to form quadruple bonds that is unmatched by any other first-row transition metaL Although Cr2(02 CQl3)4(H20)2 was first reported over 100 years ago (210), it was not promoted as a quad ruple-bond-containing unit until Cotton and co-workers carried out a redetermination of the x-ray structure and reported a change in the chromium atom separation from the accepted value of 2.64 A initially reported in 1953 (251) to 2.3855(5) A (66, 67). Reduction of chromium trichloride to chromium(II) in aqueous solution with zinc followed by addition of sodium acetate is a convenient route to Cr2(02CCH3)4(H20)2 (204), which can be dehydrated by heating under vacuum to form Cr2(02 CCH3)4. 

---