Mortar ingredients

Dry mortar ingredients should be mixed first. They should be prehydrated with only enough water to make a damp, stiff mortar to help prevent drying shrinkage. After an hour or two, the mortar is mixed with additional water to provide trowelabihty. 

Triple-base propints use primarily NGu as a third major ingredient in addition to NC and NG. Typical compns are shown in Table 3. The major use of this type of proplnt is in gun proplnts for mortar and artillery shells... 

Three other compounds of s-block elements—calcium oxide (CaO, known as lime ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium carbonate (Na2 CO3)—are among the top 15 industrial chemicals in annual production. Lime is perennially in the top 10 because it is the key ingredient in construction materials such as concrete, cement, mortar, and plaster. Two other compounds, calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) and sodium sulfate (Na2 SO4 ), rank just below the top 50 in industrial importance. 

When the oxide is added to water, the product is known as hydrated lime or slaked lime. Lime is one ingredient in mortar and cement, so it is produced on an enormous scale. When Ca(OH)2 reacts with C02 from the atmosphere, it forms calcium carbonate, which binds particles of concrete together. 

Mortar, a mixture of lime, sand, and water, has been used in construction for thousands of years. The Appian Way, many early Roman and Greek buildings, and the Great Wall of China were constructed using mortar containing lime. In the Western Hemisphere, the Incas and Mayans used lime in mortar. The composition of mortar can vary rather widely, but the usual composition is about one-fourth lime, three-fourths sand, and a small amount of water to make the mixture into a paste. Essential ingredients are a solid such as sand and lime that is converted to Ca(OH)2 by reaction with water. 

Weigh all the ingredients separately. Iodine must be finely subdivided. Place the iodine in a glass mortar, add alcohol drop wise, and triturate until the iodine is reduced to a fine powder. Then add boric acid and lactose by geometric mixing until the alcohol evaporates. Dry the powder for about twenty minutes in the air and then pass through a 40 mesh sieve to break all the lumps. Transfer the powder into a wide-mouthed, four-ounce bottle. Label appropriately as Compounded Powder with the instructions of Apply to affected area twice daily as directed. ... 

Calcium hydroxide [Ca (OH) ] is known as slaked or hydrated lime and is formed by exposing calcium oxide to water. Slaked lime is less caustic than quick lime. Therefore, it is used to line football fields. (Unslaked lime, CaO, is very caustic when wet, and if it is used on playing fields, players may receive caustic burns.) Calcium hydroxide has many uses, including as an ingredient for stonemasons mortar, cements, whitewash, and soil conditioner (high pH), as a food additive, and as a human depilatory. 

Bases also have their domestic uses. The various kinds of soda found in the home - baking soda, washing soda and caustic soda - are all bases. But the widest used base of all is lime. Besides its agricultural use, lime is a vital ingredient in cement, mortar, plaster and concrete. The lime reacts with carbon dioxide in the air and hardens the mixture as it dries out. 

Up to the end of the eighteenth century the ingredients of blackpowder were milled in stone or wooden mortars in which the wooden pestles were fitted with power drive (Fig. 90). The production capacity of such devices was, of course, rather low. They were used too, for mixing the mass of powder, but this proved to be dangerous, and in several countries (e.g. Great Britain) it was prohibited by law (about 1772). 

Preparation (Refs 4, 16, 18 28). In earlier days, BkPdrs were prepd by grinding the ingredients by hand in mortars. This was superseded by the socailed Stamp Mill, such as is briefly described in Refs 16,18 28... 

Add 10 mL of 95% ethanol to the mortar and continue to grind for 2 min. Place a filter paper (Whatmann no. 2, 7 cm) in a funnel and place the funnel in a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. With the aid of a glass rod, transfer the supernatant liquid from the mortar to the filter paper. After a few minutes, when about 1 mL of clear filtrate has been collected in the Erlenmeyer flask, lift the funnel and allow a drop of the filtrate to fall on a clean microscope slide. Replace the funnel in the Erlenmeyer flask and allow the filtration to continue. The drop on the microscope slide will rapidly evaporate leaving behind crystals of acetylsalicylic acid. This is a qualitative test showing that the extraction of the active ingredient is successful. Report what you see on the microscope slide on your Report Sheet (3). 

Historically, asphalt has been mined for use as mortar for building and paving stones, as a water-proof road surface and lining for ditches and ponds, and as calking for ships. Both asphalt and tar have been used to seal or calk boat hulls, shingles, and fabric. In medicine, they have been used to seal wounds and as a disinfectant. Tar is used to flavor candy and as an ingredient in dandruff shampoo and cosmetics. 

Due to the brick-and-mortar structure of the stratum corneum, the skin is a difficult layer to permeate across for most active pharmaceutical ingredients. Because of this diffusional barrier, new strategies have been developed to allow compounds to better penetrate the stratum corneum [28], These strategies can be defined as either chemical or physical approaches to disrupting the barrier function of the skin. 

I. Nitrate of strontia, 13parts sulphur, part powder dust, 1 part. The latter ingredient is prepared from fine gunpowder, rubbed up carefully in a mortar and then silted through a hair sieve. Another receipt is ... 

Cocoa butter-based suppositories can be prepared manually by pharmacists by mixing the ingredients to a pliable consistency in a mortar. 

Where insoluble solid matters are to be suspended in the form of a mixture or emulsion, the mortar becomes still more important. The ingredients are to be mbbed steadily together until a smooth and uniform liquid is obtained, and the label of the phial into which the mixture is introduced should contain directions to shake well before administration. 

---