Morphological characterization

Morphology, which is determined by the distribution of materials in space, is the least quantifiable aspect of a material. It is thus very difficult to characterize morphology of PS, which has extremely rich details with respect to the range of variations in pore size, shape, orientation, branch, interconnection, and distribution. Qualitatively, the diverse morphological features of PS reported in the literature can be summarized by Figure 9 with respect to four major different aspects pore orientation, fill of macro pores, branching, and depth variation of a PS layer. 

Starting with basic physical concepts and synthetic techniques, the book describes how molecules assemble into highly ordered structures as single crystals and thin films, with examples of characterization, morphology and properties. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of surfaces and interfaces. The final chapter gives a personal view on future possibilities in the field. 

Giridharagopal R, Ginger DS (2010) Characterizing morphology in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic systems. J Phys Chem Lett 1 1160... 

In a later study by the Schmidt group (27), electron microscopy was used to characterize morphological changes in microspheres (<0.6 cm in diameter) of Pt, Rh, Pd, and Pt-Rh alloy in a number of reaction environments the reactions were ammonia oxidation, ammonia decomposition, and propane oxidation. No other experimental techniques, such as weight-loss measurements, were employed. After prolonged exposure to reaction mixtures of ammonia and air at temperatures less than 727°C, the surfaces of the spheres were reconstructed to favor specific crystal planes. The structure of the facets was found to be a function of the reaction mixture, temperature, and metal (Fig. 13). In the same reaction mixtures, as well as in pure ammonia at higher temperatures... 

Werner RG Noe W (1993a) Mammalian cell cultures. Part I Characterization morphology and metabolism. Arzneimittel Forschung 43 1134—1139. 

Loss of cytoplasmic membrane function occurs early in necrosis and late in apoptosis (so-called apoptotic necrosis ). If, in a given experimental system, the mode of death has been adequately characterized morphologically and the assay timepoint judiciously chosen, loss of dye exclusion can serve as a useful, easy to quantify measure of cell death in either apoptotic or necrotic model systems. Commonly used dyes for this type of analysis include propidium iodide, 7-AAD, Sytox green, and ethidium homodimer. 

The scaled structure factor F(x) or F(x) characterizes morphological aspects of the growing pattern such as those shown in Fig. 2, while the size of the pattern at t is characterized by qm(t) or Am(t) (eq.2). If the pattern grows with the dynamical self-similarity at a given T and (t)> is invariant with t, F(x) is universal with t as shown schematically in Fig.3(b). Obtaining this universal scaling function F(x) confirms the validity of the dynamical scaling hypothesis. The... 

In most cases, some mode of sample preparation has to be used after the blend formation, viz., staining, swelling, fracturing, or etching. These are very appropriate for and have been extensively used to characterize morphology of immiscible blends, but they have obvious severe shortcomings in miscible or partially miscible... 

Polymer thermodynamics is a supporting science that proved to be very successful due to it s intensive interactions with neighbouring disciplines (such as process optimization, polymer chemistry and chemical modification, polymer characterization, morphology and interface sciences, but also with areas as polymer processing and material science). The future of polymer thermodynamics thus will strongly depend on developments made in these neighbouring research area s. I thus will present a kind of outlook for polymer thermodynamics and the possibilities of compressed or supercritical media, based on some pioneering research results in polymer chemistry and the reported molecular architectures obtained. 

Uranium dioxide, UO2, is the compound of choice in many nuclear reactors despite its relatively poor heat conduction properties. This is due to its chemical stability, its high melting point, and the ease of production of well-characterized morphological and physical properties. The complete characterization is described in Chapter 2. Uranium metal and particularly uranium alloys like U-Al, U-Zr, U-Si, and U-Mo are also used as fuel. Their heat conduction is superior to that of uranium oxide but the metal and alloys are less stable chemically. 

Eq 7. 36 was used to evaluate the effect of filler type and loading on rebound, modulus, compression. It also permits a comparison with the parameters which characterize morphology. 

However, because no progression to dysplastic or neoplastic lesions has thus far been documented in these latter conditions, their role in gastric endocrine tumorigenesis appears unlikely. Carcinoid tumor is thus characterized morphologically by the criteria of size and invasion. 

Decision Trees A Machine-Learning Method for Characterizing Morphological Patterns Resulting from Ecological Adaptation... 

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