Morphology characterization techniques

Further, the main thermal events identified by analyzing bone tissue batches will be described and discussed. A correlation with the results obtained by modern complementary structural and morphological characterization techniques follows. 

Reinheimer K, Grosso M, Hetzel F, Ktibel J, Wilhelm M (2012) Fourier transform rheology as an innovative morphological characterization technique for the emulsion volume average radius and its distribution. J Colloid Interface Sci 380 201-212... 

DRS and TSDC were systematically employed in a series of recent papers to investigate the molecular dynamics and ionic conductivity in neat PTE. In many cases, the results were combined with those of morphological characterization techniques, in particular SAXS and DSC, and of water sorption/diffusion... 

Two characterization techniques will be discussed in this chapter, viz. physisorption and chemisorption. Physisorption mainly yields information on catalyst texture and morphology, whereas chemisorption studies potentially give information regarding the active catalyst sites. 

Until quite recently the very initial stages of metal deposition were difficult to characterize in detail by structure- and morphology-sensitive techniques. As a consequence and for practical purposes - multilayers were more useful for applications than monolayers - the main interest was focussed onto thick deposits. Optical and electron microscopy, ellipsometry and specular or diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were the classic tools, by which the emerging shape of the deposit was monitored [4-7],... 

The structural state of dendritic macromolecules at air-water (Langmuir mono-layers) and air-solid (adsorbed monolayers, self-assembled films and cast films) interfaces have been reviewed by Tsukruk [17]. Although this work summarizes various characterization techniques for dendritic films by AFM techniques, in this chapter, we will present recent progress on the characterization of the dendritic film surface morphologies. 

Viney, C. 2003. Techniques for Polymer Organization and Morphology Characterization. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. 

Experimental techniques commonly used to measure pore size distribution, such as mercury porosimetry or BET analysis (Gregg and Sing, 1982), yield pore size distribution data that are not uniquely related to the pore space morphology. They are generated by interpreting mercury intrusion-extrusion or sorption hysteresis curves on the basis of an equivalent cylindrical pore assumption. To make direct comparison with digitally reconstructed porous media possible, morphology characterization methods based on simulated mercury porosimetry or simulated capillary condensation (Stepanek et al., 1999) should be used. 

Pt-based electrocatalysts have proven to be ideally suited to the Ap analysis primarily because of the extensive morphological characterizations (X-ray diffraction, single crystal electrochemical evaluations, UHV spectroscopies, etc.) performed over the past decades. In contrast, chalcogenide electrocatalysts are comprised of nanoscale amorphous clusters making a detailed analysis of the strac-ture/property relationships inherently difficult. In light of these considerations, we have recently applied the Ap technique to a novel mixed-phase chalcogenide electrocatalyst (RhxSy, commercially available from A-TEX, Inc). Rh Sy shows remarkable per-... 

Membrane morphology and, in the case of porous membranes, pore size and orientation and porosity are vital to the separation properties of inorganic membranes. As the general characterization techniques evolve, the understanding of these miciostnictures improves. 

Microscopic methods. While microscopic methods provide direct visual information on membrane morphology as discussed earlier, determination of pore size, especially meaningful pore size distribution, by this type of methods is tedious and difficult. Advances have been made on the electron microscopy techniques to visualize membrane surface pores. For example, Merin and Cheryan [1980] have developed a replica-TEM technique to observe membrane surface pores. Nevertheless, microscopic methods have remained primarily as a surface morphology characterization tool and not as a pore size determination scheme. 

In this chapter, we briefly describe several techniques that provide state-of-the-art characterization of the structure and morphology of single-crystal surfaces. Such surfaces serve as models to understand and predict the behavior of nanoparticles or are directly relevant as supports (substrates) for nanoparticles. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to provide a comprehensive review of work in this field, but rather we provide a number of examples of results obtained by utilizing these surface characterization techniques which illustrates their applications. 

Membrane characterization means the determination of structural and morphological properties of a given membrane. Because membranes range from porous to nonporous depending on the type of separation problem involved, different characterization techniques are required in each case. For example, in MF or UF membranes, fixed pores are present. MF membranes have macropores (pore diameter > 50 mn), while UF membranes have mesopores (2 mn < pore diameter < 50 nm). The pore size (and size distribution) mainly determines which particles or molecules are retained or pass through. On the other hand, for dense or nonporous membranes, no fixed pores are present and the material chemistry itself mainly determines the performance. 

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