Morphology and Characterization

Support preparation Nucleation and growth Reactivity Structure, morphology and characterization of metal clusters of the metal clusters... 

K. Araya, A. Mukoh, T. Narahara, K. Akagi, H. Shirakawa, Morphology and characterization of polyacetylene films synthesized in a liquid crystal solvent, Synth. Met., 17, 247-252 (1987). 

Mathiowitz, E., Amato, C., Dor, P., Langer, R 1990a. Polyanhydride microspheres 3. Morphology and characterization of systems made hy solvent removal. Polymer 31,... 

Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to polymer materials, processes, morphology and characterization. Chapter 2 is a concise review of the fundamentals of microscopy, where many important terms are defined. Chapter 3 reviews imaging theory for the reader who wants to understand the nature of image formation in the various types of microscopes, with particular reference to imaging polymers. All of these chapters are mere summaries of large fields of science, to make this text complete. They contain many references to more specialized texts and reviews. Chapters 4 and 5 contain the major thrust of the book. Chapter 4 covers specimen preparation, organized by method. 

Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to polymer materials, processes, morphology and characterization. Chapter 2 is a concise review of the fundamentals of microscopy, where many important terms are defined. Chapter 3 reviews imaging theory for the reader who has not had fundamental training in physics and... 

Three Dimensional Fillers Synthesis, Morphology and Characterization... 

Finally, as an example showing significant influence of morphology on deformation behavior, block copolymers are chosen. Because of the microphase separation occurring between different blocks, block copolymers form various stmctures (morphologies), which in turn influence their deformation behavior. This is described in Section 18.4, in which only a small number of examples have been chosen to demonstrate the morphology-deformation relationships, because a vast amount of hterature and work cannot be covered. Morphology and characterization of block copolymers are also described in several chapters in this book. 

Characterization. Ceramic bodies are characterized by density, mass, and physical dimensions. Other common techniques employed in characterizing include x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron or petrographic microscopy to determine crystal species, stmcture, and size (100). Microscopy (qv) can be used to determine chemical constitution, crystal morphology, and pore size and morphology as well. Mercury porosknetry and gas adsorption are used to characterize pore size, pore size distribution, and surface area (100). A variety of techniques can be employed to characterize bulk chemical composition and the physical characteristics of a powder (100,101). 

O. Shochet, K. Kassner, E. Ben-Jacob, S. G. Lipson, H. Muller-Kmmbhaar. Morphology transitions during non-equilibrium growth II. Morphology diagram and characterization of the transition. Physica A 187 1, 1992. 

Other characterization methods are usually used to detect the changes in physical properties, which usually result from the changes in the morphology and structures of the substrates due to grafting. 

Siloxane containing interpenetrating networks (IPN) have also been synthesized and some properties were reported 59,354 356>. However, they have not received much attention. Preparation and characterization of IPNs based on PDMS-polystyrene 354), PDMS-poly(methyl methacrylate) 354), polysiloxane-epoxy systems 355) and PDMS-polyurethane 356) were described. These materials all displayed two-phase morphologies, but only minor improvements were obtained over the physical and mechanical properties of the parent materials. This may be due to the difficulties encountered in controlling the structure and morphology of these IPN systems. Siloxane modified polyamide, polyester, polyolefin and various polyurethane based IPN materials are commercially available 59). Incorporation of siloxanes into these systems was reported to increase the hydrolytic stability, surface release, electrical properties of the base polymers and also to reduce the surface wear and friction due to the lubricating action of PDMS chains 59). 

This is a nonpolar rubber with very little unsamration. Nanoclays as well as nanotubes have been used to prepare nanocomposites of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. The work mostly covers the preparation and characterization of these nanocomposites. Different processing conditions, morphology, and mechanical properties have been smdied [61-64]. Acharya et al. [61] have prepared and characterized the EPDM-based organo-nanoclay composites by X-ray diffracto-gram (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy... 

Nanocomposite based on polyurethane (PU) is prepared using silica, clay, and Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS). Preparation, characterization, mechanical and barrier properties, morphology, and effect of processing conditions have been reported on polyurethane-based nanocomposites [72,73]. 

Wollenberg A. Kraft S. Hanau D. Bieber T Immuno-morphological and ultrastructural characterization of Langerhans cells and a novel, inflammatory dendritic epidermal cell population in lesional skin of atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol 1996 106 446-453. 

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