Molecular metabolism

Dietary studies, based on stable isotope values of animal tissues and foodstuffs, can be successful only insofar as the complexities of molecular metabolism manage to give rise to relatively simple relationships in what is measured. Many of these relationships have been explored, and have in part been described by observational regularities, and in part summarised by physiological or biochemical explanations. Some questions can and have now been clearly posed for example ... 

Hochachka PW, Buck LT, Doll CJ et al (1996) Unifying theory of hypoxia tolerance molecular/metabolic defense and rescue mechanisms for surviving oxygen lack. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 9493-9498... 

In hemodialysis, low molecular metabolic waste such as urea, creatinine, and other toxic substances (solutes up to 6000 mol wt) are removed from the blood of uremia patients by diffusive transport, which is driven by a concentration gradient of blood solutes being dialyzed against a physiological solution. A complimentary process is hemofiltration, in which solutes up to 20,000 mol wt are removed via an ultrafiltration membrane, the transport being caused by a convective transmembrane flux generated by mild hydraulic pressure differences across the membrane. 

The interrelationship of ancient unicellular prokaryotes to UV irradiation and calcitriol-Uke molecular metabolism is unknown. UV-Ught might have induced genomic activation (such as an elementary Hh-Uke cascade for accelerated replication), and calcitriol-Iike protective mechanisms for survival. In comparing the atmospheric conditions of the ancient Earth with the Martian situation in terms of the effects on unicellular organisms in their hydrated, metabolically active, frozen, or dried state, UV-irradiation induced mutations, DNA-repair, and resistance mechanisms [1209]. 

Thao, P. and Stephens, J. M. (2013) STATl, NF-kappaB and ERKs play a role in the induction of lipocalin-2 expression in adipocytes. Molecular Metabolism 2, 161—170. 

Spiegelman, S. and Haruna, I. (1966) Problems of an RNA genome operating in a DNA-dominated biological universe. In Macro-molecular Metabolism, pp. 263-304, Little, Brown Co., Boston. 

A. M. ter laak, N. P. E. Vermeulen, Molecular-modeling approaches to predict metabolism and toxicity, in Pharmacokinetic Optimization in Drug Research, B. Testa, H. van de Water-beemd, G. Folkers, R. Guy (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001,... 

Life forms are based on coded chemicals that, in the right environment, can reproduce themselves and make other chemicals needed to break down and utilize food. Within an organism, these biochemical reactions constitute nonnal metabolism. Biotechnology is the manipulation of these biochemical reactions at either the cellular or the molecular level. 

Free Electron Molecular Orbital method colour and constitution, 1, 342 Freelingyne occurrence, 4, 706 Free radical processes in photography, 1, 387-389 Friedlander synthesis quinolines, 2, 443 thioindigo dyes, 4, 910 Fries rearrangement chroman-4-one synthesis from, 3, 850 Fructose, 1-deoxy- C NMR, 4, 575 Frusemide as diuretic, 1, 174 metabolism, 1, 245 FS-32 — see 1/f-Indazole, l-[3-... 

MO calculations, 7, 364 Oxetene, 2-isopropylidene-polysubstituted rearrangement, 7, 377 Oxetene, tetramethyl-structure, 7, 366 Oxetenes, 7, 363-402 decomposition, 7, 375 metabolism, 1, 243 molecular dimensions, 7, 366 thermal stability, 7, 370 Oxetenyl anions aromaticity, 7, 371 Oxetenyl cations aromaticity, 7, 371 Oxichlororaphine occurrence, 3, 196 Oxichromic developers in colour photography, 1, 378-379 Oxidation... 

The World Wide Web has transformed the way in which we obtain and analyze published information on proteins. What only a few years ago would take days or weeks and require the use of expensive computer workstations can now be achieved in a few minutes or hours using personal computers, both PCs and Macintosh, connected to the internet. The Web contains hundreds of sites of Interest to molecular biologists, many of which are listed in Pedro s BioMolecular Research Tools (http // www.fmi.ch/biology/research tools.html). Many sites provide free access to databases that make it very easy to obtain information on structurally related proteins, the amino acid sequences of homologous proteins, relevant literature references, medical information and metabolic pathways. This development has opened up new opportunities for even non-specialists to view and manipulate a structure of interest or to carry out amino-acid sequence comparisons, and one can now rapidly obtain an overview of a particular area of molecular biology. We shall here describe some Web sites that are of interest from a structural point of view. Updated links to these sites can be found in the Introduction to Protein Structure Web site (http // WWW.ProteinStructure.com/). 

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