Universality, biological

Water. Although often omitted from lists of essential nutrients, water is the universal biological solvent in which the biochemical reactions of each cell occur. Most living organisms contain far more water than any other compound or group of compounds. Although most insects are 70-80% water, their food may vary from 1 to over 90% water. Stored-product Insects have remarkable abilities to conserve water, whereas phytophagous insects may suffer deleterious effects from low dietary moisture. 

Urbariska, A., Leszczyriski, B. and Matok, H. 2006. How does gramine affect probing behaviour of grain aphid Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities Biology, 9(1) 1-7. 

J. D. H. LAMBERT—Carleton University, Biology Department, Ottawa, Ontario K15 5T6, Canada... 

Impure Cultures University Biology and the World of Commerce. Madison ... 

Because of the intense interest in allometry, we should end this discussion with a final question Is there a universal biologically important principle underlying the 0.75 power law West et al. (2000) certainly believed there was such a principle when they initiated their search for an explanation for why b = 0.75 for SMR in so many organisms and so many functions. After reviewing current information on this question, however, we suspect that they answer may be no. In fact, from our analysis the thought arises that biologists and physiologists... 

Next, there was a technical session on robust implementation of bioinspired catalysts, which included the following topics and speakers Mimicking Photosynthetic Energy Transduction, Thomas Moore, Arizona State University Biological Transformations for Energy Production An Overview of Biofuel Cells, G. Tayhas Palmore, Brown University and Bioinspired Initiatives at DuPont, Mark Emptage, DuPont. Open discussion was then moderated by Leonard Buckley. 

CSUBIOWEB, the California State University Biological Sciences Web server, provides links to other Web sites on cell biology and molecular biology. 

Chases LG (2008) The behavioral response of larval coastal giant salamanders, Dicamptodon tenebrosus, to chemical stimuli. MA Thesis. Humboldt State University, Biological Sciences... 

Boston University Biology Department 5 Cummington Street Boston, MA 02215 USA... 

New York University Biology Department 100 Washington Square East New York, NY 10003-6688 USA... 

The genetic code. The table shows the possible codons found in mRNA. To read the universal biological language from this chart, find the first base in the column on the left, the second base from the row across the top, and the third base from the column to the right. This will direct you to one of the sixty-four squares in the matrix. Within that square you will find the codon and the amino acid that it specifies. In the cell this message is decoded by tRNA molecules like those shown to the right of the table. 

Angelow L (1994) Rubidium in der Nahrun -kette. Qualification for a lectureship, Friedrich Schiller University, Biological- Pharmaceutical Faculty Jena, Germany. 

Azbel, M.Y. Universal biological scaling and mortality. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91(26),... 

There appear to be universal biological principles at work in scaling relationships, although the natures of these principles have not yet been fully explored. Allometric relationships among very divergent species seem to be scaled with body mass to some simple multiples of one-quarter power Thus (Brown et al., 2000),... 

Fig. 15.1. A universal biological sensor based on ifaodopsin (a protein), a schematic view, (a) The sensor consists of seven a-helices (shown here as ribbons) connected in a sequential way by some oligopeptide links. The molecule is anchored in the cell wall (lipid bilayer), due to the hydrophobic effect the ihodopsin s lipophilic amino acid residues are distributed on the ihodopsin surface, (b) The a—helices (this time shown for simplicity as cylinders) form a cavity. Some of the cylinders have been cut out to display a cis-retinal molecule bound (in one of the versions of the sensor) to the amino acid 296 (lysine denoted as K, in heUx 7). (c) The ds-retinal (a drain of alternating single and double bonds) is able to absorb a photon and change its conformation to bans (at position 11). This triggers the cascade of processes responsible for our vision. The protrading protein loops exhibit specihe interactions with some drags. Such a system is at the basis of the interactions with about 70% of drags.

Death is the ultimate manifestation of excursion excess into the realm of insolubility. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), the universal biological energy currency, is the ultimate solubilizer of protein. In our view, the negative hypercharged phosphate functions as a super-carboxylate to destroy hydrophobic hydration in the process of satisfying its own thirst for hydration. Thus, as paired associated hydrophobic surfaces undergo an opening fluctuation, hydrophobic hydration that would form is immediately recruited for hydration of added phosphate. As substantial hydrophobic hydration is required for the positive (-TAS) to dominate and to result in insolubility, the result of phosphorylation is solubility. In this way bound phosphate provides for protein solubilization by separation of hydrophobicaUy associated domains. 

Sofia University, Biological Faculty, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria ... 

MICHAEL J. RUDICK (181), Texas Women s University, Biology Department, Denton, Texas 76204... 

South China Normal University, Biology Department, Guangzhou, 510631, China... 

Williams, R.J., Eyman, C.M., Goodyear, G.H., Truesdail, H.T., and Holaday, D., 1933. Pantothenic acid, a growth determinant of universal biological occurrence. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 55 291-292. 

W. Fred McClure, NC State University, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Campus Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA... 

RJ Williams, EM Bradway. The further fractionation of yeast nutrilites and their relationship of vitamin B and Wilders bios. J Am Chem Soc 53 783-789,1931. RJ Williams, CM Lyman, GM Goodyear, JE Truesdayl, D Holaday. Pantothenic acid a growth determinant of universal biological occurrence. J Am Chem Soc 55 2912-2927, 1933. 

Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions play a fundamental role in the respiratory chain and in photosynthesis. In both membrane-bound systems, an electrochemical gradient is built up across the lipid bilayer by separating protons from electrons the resulting chemiosmotic proton potential serves to fuel a proton-driven pump synthesising the universal biological energy equivalent ATP (adenosine triphosphate). In addition to the relevance of PCET in these energy conversions, the coupled transfer of electrons and protons is an... 

Mowery and Rosenberg, Technology and the Pursuit of Economic Growth, 85 Thackray, Sturchio, Carroll, and Bud, Chemistry in America, 1876-1976. Kleinman takes a close look at a more contemporary intersection of university science and commercial interests in Impure Cultures University Biology and the World of Commerce. 

Baker, R.H. and Greer, J.K. (1962) Mammals of the Mexican state of Durango. Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Biological Series, 2 25-154. 

Sulfation of carbohydrates is a topic of growing interest. The first recycling system used for the sulfation of carbohydrates was reported by Lin et al. The regeneration of 3 -phosphoadenosine 5 -phosphosulfate (PAPS), the universal biological sulfuryl donor, was accomplished by a multi-enzyme cascade (Scheme 15) [39]. In conjunction with a Nod factor sulfotransferase, A,A -diacetylchitobiose was sul-fated at the reducing terminal GlcNAc 6-hydroxyl. This sulfation system was also used to generate 6-sulfo-LacNAc, a key intermediate in the preparation of 6-sulfo-sLe. ... 

Harvard University Biological Laboratories Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138... 

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