D-dried state

Figure 8.21 Partial currents of Fe oxidation and O2 reduction on rusted iron exposed to wet-dry cycling A= wetting B= wet state C= drying and D= dry state (adapted from [16]).

Traditionally, density of hydrated portland cement was measured in the d-dried state by pycnometric methods, using a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide as a fluid. Since the d-dried hydrated portland cement rehydrates on exposure to water, this method is of questionable value. More realistic values can be obtained by proper conditioning of the sample and using fluids that do not affect the structure of the paste. 

Drying to 11% RH and measuring with a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 gives an uncorrected value of 2.38 g/cc, as compared to acorrected value of 2.35 g/cc and 2.34 g/cc using helium. At the d-dried state, a higher value obtained by the Ca(OH)2 solution technique is due to the penetration of water into the interlayer positions of the layered structure of the crystallite. 

Dry Coal Cleaning. Developments in the areas of magnetic and electrostatic separation as a means of cleaning coals in the dry state include high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS), triboelectrostatic separation (TESS), and dry coal purifier (D-CoP). 

Indene Picrate. C9H8+C6H307N3 golden yel needles mp 98° very expl in the dry state decomps slowly in air (Beil 6,271 [259]) d-Lysine Picrate. C6Hi4 02N2+C6H307N3 crysts mp, explds on slow heating [Beil 6,... 

Even if MIP and BET are widely accepted regarding the characterization of HPLC stationary phases, they are only applicable to the samples in the dry state. In order to investigate the impact of polymerization time on the porous properties of wet monolithic columns, ISEC measurements of 200 jm I.D. poly(p-methylstyrene-co-l,2-bis(vinylphenyl)ethane) (MS/BVPE) capillary columns (prepared using a total polymerization time ranging from 45 min to 24 h) have been additionally evaluated (see Table 1.2 for a summary of determined e values). On a stepwise decrease in the time down to 45 min, the total porosity (St) is systematically increasing to about 30% in total (62.8% for 24 h and 97.2% for 45 min). This is caused by a simultaneous increase in the fraction of interparticulate porosity (e. ) as well as the fraction of pores (Cp). The ISEC measurements are in agreement with those of the MIP as well as BET analyses, as an increase in should be reflected in an increase in 8p and as the relative increase in the total porosity (caused by decreasing the polymerization time... 

D. J. Graves and S. Luo, Decomposition of aspartame caused by heat in the acidified and dried state, J. Agric. Food Chem., 55 439 (1987). 

Data of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption were used to evaluate the parameters characterizing the pore structure of the obtained polymeric materials in dry state. The BET specific surface area, Sbet, and the total pore volume, V, were estimated by applying the standard methods Sbet from the linear BET plots and F/ from adsorption at relative pressure p/po=0.975) [7]. The mesopore structure was characterized by the distribution function of mesopore volume calculated by the Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method [27]. In Table 2 the values of these parameters are given for both synthesized polymers. The melamine-formaldehyde resin MEA has a more developed pore structure (5 B 7=220mVg, F,=0.45cm /g) and narrower mesopores (D=7.3nm) in comparison to the phenolic-formaldehyde polymer PHD. 

Preliminary examples suggest that the techniques of hydrophobic acceleration and dry-state adsorption conditions recently applied to the acceleration of the all-carbon Diels-Alder reaction should prove equally useful in the Diels-Alder reactions of heterodienes. Hydrophobic acceleration T. A. Eggelte, H. De Koning and H. O. Huisman, Tetrahedron, 1973, 29, 2491 R. Breslow and D. C. Rideout, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 7816 R. Breslow, U. Maitra and D. C. Rideout, Tetrahedron Lett., 1983, 24, 1901 dry-state adsorption conditions (Si02, florisil, alumina) V. V. Veselovsky, A. S. Gybin, A. V. Lozanova, A. M. Moiseenkov, W. A. Smit and R. Caple, Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 175 H. Parlar and R. Baumann, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1981, 20, 1014 H. Parlar, R. Baumann and F. Korte, Z. Natursforsch., Teil B, 1981, 36, 898. 

Pt nunides. As already described, polyamide d ndation takes place in the dry state at the C—C bonds, whereas in the wd state an activated mechano-chemkal hydrolysis predominates. However, only the macroradicals obtained from —C—C— bonds are able to initiate graft reactiom. 

FIGURE 16.9 Schematic illustration of the different states of gels and their mesh chain conformations A is the free mesh chain solution, B is the newly formed gel in the relaxed state, C is the equilibrium swollen state after contacting with solvent molecules, and D is the gel in the dried state. (From Huang, Y., Szleifer, I., and Peppas, N.A., Macromolecules, 35, 1373, 2002. With permission.)... 

Two methods for reducing the magnitude of decomposition from primary (external) radiation are (a) dispersion over a large area and (b) dilution. These methods also reduce decomposition caused by secondary-radiation effects this is borne out by experimental results obtained with D-mannose-C. Aliquots (5 ml.) of pure o-mannose-C (about 100 /iC.) in water (100 ml.) were stored imder vacuum. By isotope-dilution analysis, it was estimated that the rate of decomposition in the freeze-dried state was 7 % a year and, in the frozen state, 1 % a year. The frozen state would, therefore, appear to be the most satisfactory method of storage over long periods of time. 

Ascorbic acid is reasonably stable in a dry state with a shelf life of about 1-3 yr (23). However, it rapidly oxidizes in solution. A 1% solution may remain at approx 80% potency after 10 d. A 0.02% solution will degrade to 0% within 3 d. Ascorbic acid is also currently available in tablet form for dechlorination applications. Release of ascorbic acid-containing waters under some conditions may reduce the pH of the receiving streams. Use of vitamin C is reported to have other potential benefits as it is an essential vitamin for healthy fish (23). Also, it can easily strip manganese oxide stains from reservoir surfaces and thereby promote better disinfection (once the vitamin C is exhausted). Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is NSF certified, allowing it to be used in drinking water treatment to remove or reduce chlorine levels. 

If you possess an auto-sampler, then it is best to process samples during the day and run overnight on HPLC. If HPLC difficulties arise, it is possible to store the samples in the final dry state at 4°C, with a covering of Parafilm or equivalent for up to 3 d. 

Fig. 35 Influence of pH on the thickness, d., and refractive index, n, of the swollen PAA-P2VP brush. The thickness of the dry state was measured to be 6.4 nm...

Example 2.29 [4, p.78] predicts the weather in Tel Aviv (Israel) by a two-state Markov chain during the rainy period December, January and February. The system is the city of Tel Aviv where the states it can occupy are Si = D, Dry day and S2 = W, Wet day. Using relative frequencies from data over 27 years it was found that during this season the probability of wet day following a dry day is 0.250 (= P12) and the probability of a dry day following a wet day is 0.338 (= P21). These data resulted in the following transition matrix ... 

Eley D.D., Spivey D.I., Semiconductivity of Organic Substances. Part. 9 - Nucleic Acid in the Dry State,Trans. Faraday Soc., 1962,58,411-415. 

Oliver, C.M., Melton, L.D., and Stanley, R.A. (2006b). Functional properties of caseinate glycoconjugates prepared by controlled heating in the dry state. ]. Sci. Food Agric. 86, 732-740. 

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