Modified dispersions

In the 1950s acid dyes were successively developed to dye nylon carpet with excellent fastness and uniform leveling. Development of polyacrylonitrile fiber stimulated the invention of anthraquinone basic dyes, modified disperse dyes in which quaternary ammonium groups are introduced. 

In the last entry in Table III more than 50 samples were extracted in an experiment surveying the performance of laboratory robotic equipment. These included 2.0 gram samples of soils extracted with pure C02,2.5 gram samples of a reverse phase material extracted with C02 and mixtures of C02 with various modifiers, 2.0 gram samples of ground coffee plus aliquots of modifiers dispersed on the samples within the sample thimble extracted with pure CO and 20 microliter aliquots of performance evaluation standard (PES, octadecane in isooctane) on simple matrices extracted with pure C02. The variety of analytes and complex matrices along with the number of different runs clearly show that the instrumentation is reliable. 

It is the opinion of the present contributor that some well-selected additives in the reducing gas could favorably modify dispersion and resistance to sintering of the activated metal, but there are no undebatable proofs of such effects. 

Ainslie, B., and Day, C., A review of single-mode fibers with modified dispersion characteristics, J. Lightwave TechnoL, LT-3, 958, 1985. 

The conventional chemicals used for the prevention or limitation of scale formation (the deposition of inverse solubility salts) include threshold agents, crystal modifiers, dispersants, and surfactants. 

Expert systems can be designed to achieve this goal by comparing the analytical response with previously defined upper and lower threshold values. Samples with analyte concentrations within these values can be directly quantified, whereas excessively concentrated or diluted samples should be handled under modified dispersion conditions. Feedback... 

More conventional chemical treatments (sometimes referred to as inhibition) use one or more of four groups of additives that includes threshold agents, crystal modifiers, dispersants and surfactants. 

In Chapter 14 the use of additives to combat potential fouling was discussed. In the use of chemical treatment for cooling water there has to be an emphasis on effective and rapid dispersion since the concentration of the additives employed must be low, i.e. a few mg/l where possible, to minimise cost and to reduce potential pollution problems. In general the additive formulation will be based on the need to limit corrosion (i.e. the use of corrosion inhibitors), scale formation (i.e. the use of crystal modifiers, dispersants or threshold chemicals or a combination) and biofouling (i.e. the use of biocides and dispersants). In many installations additives are injected on the suction side of the main pump so that turbulence within the pump will provide rapid mixing. In very large cooling systems multiple injection nozzles will be required to enhance distribution. 

In order to obtain a -phase rich in modifier dispersed in the thermosetting polymer, the convenient condition (albeit not sufficient) is to select an initial modifier concentration, ( >mo < Mcrit- Usually this condition is fulfilled when using 15 wt% for a modifier with a number average molar mass, M < 5000 g mol (commercial rubbers used to modify thermosetting poly-... 

Uses Hard, shatterproof transparent or colored material, glass substitute in medical, denial, and industrial applies. impact modifier, processing aid for PVC coaling modifier dispersant, aniiscalant, corrosion inhibi-... 

Dimethylamine/epichlorohydrin/ethylenediamin e copolymer dye modifier, dispersing Methyl glycidyl ether dye modifier, textiles... 

SFE A combination of static and dynamic extraction using supercritical fluids Supercritical fluid, modifiers dispersant, drying agent, or sorbent special extraction vessel SFE system... 

Modification) PA-6/PE Chemically modified dispersed phase Chuang and Han 1984... 

PA-6/PE/EVAc Chemically modified dispersed phases Chuang and Han 1985 Han and Chuang 1985... 

Below, a short description of these parameters related to the properties of the matrix and the modifier dispersed in the matrix is presented. Sample and test parameters will be not addressed here. 

Based on the modified dispersion equation, the neutral stability condition is ... 

In the past, many emulsion tests used modified dispersant tests. Several of the older tests of emulsion breakers were reviewed for the petroleum industry [149, 159], While most of the older tests reported positive results, the stability of the target emulsion was not measured or considered. In one series of tests, however, the elasticity of the emulsions was measured before and after treatment and this served as a test for effectiveness measurements [160], These scattered, early tests did show, however, that the amount of emulsion-breaking agent required was very low compared to dispersants [J59]. Many of the earlier investigators found that effectiveness was achieved at ratios as low as 1 1000 of agent to emulsion. 

Using supercritical fluid CO, polyester and other synthetics can be dyed with modified disperse dyes. 

Using supercritical fluid CO, polyester and other synthetics can be dyed with modified disperse dyes. The supercritical fluid CO causes the polymer fibre to swell allowing the disperse dye to easily diffuse within the polymer. 

Figure 3 Transmission electron micrographs of (a) a functionalized bulk rubber and (b) a functionalized core/shell modifier, dispersed in nylon 6. (20 wt% loading in both cases.)...

The majority of the measurements reported hitherto have been made on modified dispersive spectrometers, and the system of Noda et al. [17] is typical. This involves three successive modulations of the infrared beam as it passes through the spectrometer, which is custom designed and built. The first stage of... 

Detergent modifiers Dispersant for PVC production Emulsifiers for PVC production Emulsifiers for PVC production Dispersant for PVC production Pigment binder, carbon black dispersant... 

Vinyl dispersion resins have typically consisted of inert homopolymer or copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate, and although the inertness has been of importance for a multitude of applications, there are occasions when reactive functionality is an aid. An example of such a reactive vinyl resin is Geon 137, a carboxyl modified dispersion resin with a carboxyl content equivalent to 1.79% on a resin weight basis or an acid equivalent weight of about 2500. One adhesive application of considerable interest is in the production of flocked product, notably wall and floor coverings. A 50% replacement of standard copolymer dispersion resin with carboxyl functional resin doubles the force required to pluck fibers loose. Test results of laminating carboxylic vinyl plastisol with nylon fabric have shown a threefold increase in adhesion. Such plastisols also show improved adhesion to glass and polyester fabrics. ... 

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