Disperse Red test

Fig.20. The long-term stability (measured by TACAN Corporation) of a (PU-DR19) material. This material consists of a Disperse Red chromophore with one end attached to a polyurethane matrix. This long-term stability test was started in 1995 and no change in device halfwave voltage has been observed to the present time...

Disperse Red 1 (Figure 10) was implicated in dermatitis from stocking, and is frequently observed on patch testing, especially in subjects under 12 years of age. 

Disperse Red 17 (Figure 11) gave positive patch test reactions in patients sensitized to other azo dyes, and was cited as a stocking dye. 

Figure 14 Dynamic representation of the migration of the bands of four test dyes. Sample size 1.5 ml of 0.4% solution of 4-chlorobenzene-1 -azo-1 -4(N,N)-dimethylaminobenzene (1) disperse blue-Polanildunkelblau 3RT (2) disprese red-Polanilrubid FL (3) and disperse red-Polanilscharlach RP (4) c, contamination of No. 4. The dashed line represents the migration of the marker, azo-benzene, (a) Isocratic elution with 30% ethyl acetate in trichloroethylene, (b) Five-step gradient elution, 10-20-30-40-50% ethyl acetate in trichloroethylene. (Reprinted from Ref. 24, with permission.)...

Discussion. In acid solution, toluene-3,4-dithiol (dithiol) forms a red compound when warmed with tin(II) salts (compare molybdenum, Section 17.30). Tin(IV) also reacts, but more slowly than tin(II) thioglycollic acid may be employed to reduce tin(IV) to tin(II). The reagent is not stable, being easily reduced, and hence should be prepared as required. A dispersant is generally added to the solution under test. 

An inverse relation between the efficiency of decolorization and the dye concentration has frequently been observed. This fact can be ascribed to several factors, the main of which can be considered the toxicity of the dyes at higher concentrations [41, 45, 51-53]. With Reactive Red 3B-A, concentrations from 100 to 2,000 ppm were tested with C. bifermentans [5]. At concentrations less than 200 ppm, 90% decolorization within 12 h was observed, while at very high dye concentration (>1,000 ppm), the decolorization rate decreased. Khalid et al. [54] observed an inverse relationship between the velocity of the decolorization reaction and the dye concentrations between 100 and 500 mg L 1 azo dye (Reactive Black 5, Direct Red 81, Acid Red 88, and Disperse Orange 3) by Shewanella putrefaciens. A decrease in decolorization percentage at a Acid Black 210 initial concentration growing from 100 to 400 ppm was also observed with V. harveyi, but the decrease was low [44]. 

The ability to use azo dyes as sole energy and carbon source by bacteria to be able to reduce the azo bond aerobically by a cometabolic way has been reported [2,4]. A mixture of four structurally different dyes (Acid Red 88, Reactive Black 5, Direct Red 81, and Disperse Orange 3) was used as sole source of carbon and nitrogen to select six strains of bacteria tested for the ability to decolorize the dyes individually or in mixtures a S. putrefaciens strain was identified as the most efficient [45]. 

Two bacterial Shewanella species, S. putrefaciens and S. oneidensis, previously selected on the basis of their ability to degrade azo dyes, were also tested in saline medium at different salt concentrations of up to 10% to evaluate their potential to decolorize four structurally different azo dyes Reactive Black 5, Direct Red 81, Acid Red 88, and Disperse Orange 3. Full decolorization was reached at salt concentrations up to 6% the decolorization velocity was inversely related to salt concentration. The rate of decolorization was increased by yeast extract and a calcium source, while was decreased by glucose and by a nitrogen source [54]. 

To make cut pile carpets, two strands of BCF yarns are twisted together and heat-set with steam using a Superba heat setting machine at 135-145 °C or at 175-195 °C when heat-set with super-heated steam in a Suessen. An experimental design experiment [94] showed the higher the heat set temperature, then the lower is the bulk of the final carpet, but there is an increase in the tip definition and walk performance. The tufted carpets are then dyed with disperse dyes at atmospheric boil [95] in a continuous or a batch process. PTT carpets showed excellent resiliency in walk test experiments, equivalent to a nylon and much better than both PET and polypropylene, had lower static charge of <3.5 kV, and were resistant to coffee, mustard, betadine, red acid dyes and other stains [96],... 

More recently, Markovich et al. (91) utilized a combination of solid-state infra-red (IR) and NMR methods to study the amorphous to crystalline API transition of SCH 48461 in solid dispersion capsule formulations. In this illustrative study, dissolution testing initially revealed inter-and intralot variations of capsules stored under accelerated stability conditions (25°C/60% RH, 30°C/60% RH, and 40°C/80% RH). PXRD analysis could not explain the dissolution data being collected on lots stored at accelerated conditions and revealed no differences from original diffraction patterns. Two additional analytical techniques, attenuated total reflectance IR (ATR-IR) spectroscopy and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy, were employed to study the physical form in the actual solid dispersion formulations. 

Blood is obtained from the test subjects by venipuncture and mixed with K-EDTA (1 mg/ml) or heparin (5 IU/ml heparin sodium) to prevent clotting. Erythrocyte aggregation is determined in whole blood of 40 % haematocrit. A sample of 40 xl blood is transferred to the measuring device. The red cells are dispersed at a shear rate of 600/s. After 20 s, flow is switched to stasis and the extent of erythrocyte aggregation is determined photometrically. 

In addition, the ringed loads showed considerably less lateral dispersion. Test groups were ft red from a bench rest at 25, 50, and... 

The following study illustrates the range in availability of iron whenexmsumed with various foods. The subjects consumed a dose of radioactive iron ( Fe or Fe) that had been dispersed In the test food. The test foods included starch (Experiment 1), com meal mush (Expt. 2), com meal mush with meat (Expt. 3), bread (Expt. 4), and bread and meat Expt. 5). The availability of the iron was determined by measuring the amount of radioactivity incorporated into the red blood cells 2 weeks after consumption of the test meal. The results, listed in Table 10.12, show that iron s availability was lowest when mixed with the com meal and that availability was improved when meat was consumed with the com meal. The meat seemed not to affect the availability of the iron in the bread. It is not clear why the effect of the meat differed in Experiments 3 and 5. 

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