Fear-potentiated startle

Fear-potentiated startle reflex (conditioned fear)... 

There are several models that depend on monitoring changes in animals behaviour when they are exposed to conditioned threatening cues. One of these, the fear-potentiated startle reflex, rests on the development of an exaggerated startle on presentation of the conditioned cue. Although this response is prevented by anti-anxiety drugs, there is considerable debate over whether fear is the same as anxiety . 

Gewirtz JC, Falls WA, Davis M (1997) Normal conditioned inhibition and extinction of freezing and fear-potentiated startle following electrolytic lesions of medical prefrontal cortex in rats. Behav Neurosci 111 712-726... 

Vanderwolf CH, Cain DP (1994) The behavioral neurobiology of learning and memory a conceptual reorientation. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 19 264-297 Villarreal DM, Do V, Haddad E, Derrick BE (2002) NMDA receptor antagonists sustain LTP and spatial memory active processes mediate LTP decay. Nat Neurosci 5 48-52 Walker DL, Ressler KJ, Lu KT, Davis M (2002) Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by systemic administration or intra-amygdala infusions of d-cycloserine as assessed with fear-potentiated startle in rats. J Neurosci 22 2343-2351 Wallenstein GV, Eichenbaum H, Hasselmo ME (1998) The hippocampus as an associator of discontiguous events. Trends Neurosci 21 317-323 Wehner JM, Radcliffe RA, Bowers BJ (2001) Quantitative genetics and mouse behavior. Annu Rev Neurosci 24 845-867... 

Referred to as a conditioned fear paradigm, the fear potentiated startle response was first described by Brown et al. (1951). In the original test, an acoustic stimulus is presented in the presence of a conditioned stimulus that has previously been paired with an aversive, unconditioned stimulus. The amplitude of the acoustic startle response is thought to indicate the degree of conditioned anxiety, which can be reduced by anxiolytic drugs (Davis et al. 1993 Hijzen et al. 1995). 

Weiss JM, Bonsall RW, Demetrikopoulos MK, Emery MS, West CH Galanin (1998) A significant role in depression Ann N Y Acad Sci 863 364-382 Wniick ML, Kokkinidis L (1995) Cocaine enhances the expression of fear-potentiated startle evaluation of state-dependent extinction and the shock-sensitization of acoustic startle. Behav Neurosci 109 929-938... 

Campeau S, Miserendino MJD, Davis M (1992) Intra-amygdala infusion of the N-methyl-D-asparate receptor antagonist AP5 blocks acquisition but not expression of fear-potentiated startle to an auditory conditioned stimulus. Behav Neurosci 106 569-574 Caton P, Tousman SA, Quock RM (1994) Involvement of nitric oxide in nitrous oxide anxiolysis in the elevated plus-maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48 689-692 Chapman P, Kairiss EW, Keenan CL, Brown TH (1990) Long-term synaptic potentiation in the amygdala. Synapse 6 271-278... 

Broqua P, Wettstein JG, Rocher MN, Gauthiermartin B, Junien JL (1995) Behavioral effects of neuropeptide Y receptor agonists in the elevated plus-maze and fear-potentiated startle procedures. Behav Pharmacol 6 215-222... 

Low K, Crestani F, Kleist R, Benke D, Brunig I, Benson J, Mohler H (2000) Molecular and neuronal substrate for the selective attenuation of anxiety. Science 290 131-140 Lu KT, Walker DL, Davis M (2001) Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in the basolat-eral nucleus of amygdala is involved in extinction of fear-potentiated startle. J Neurosci 21 RC162... 

Grillon, C., Dierker L., and Merikangas, K.R. (1998) Fear-potentiated startle in adolescent offspring of parents with anxiety disorders. Biol Psychiatry 44 990—997. 

Falls, W. A., Carlson, S., Turner, J. G. and Willott, J. F. (1997) Fear-potentiated startle in two strains of inbred mice. Behav Neurosci 111, 855-861. 

Shekhar, A., Katner, J. S., Rusche, W. P., Sajdyk, T. J. Simon, J. R. (1994). Fear-potentiated startle elevates catecholamine levels in the dorsomedial hypothalamus of rats. 

Walker, D. L., Ressler, K. J., Lu, K. T., and Davis, M. (2002). Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by systemic administration or intra-amygdala infusions of D-cycloserine as assessed with fear-potentiated startle in rats. J. Neurosci. 22, 2343-2351. 

Shi, C., and Davis, M. (1999). Pain pathways involved in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle Lesion studies. J Neurosci. 19, 420-430. 

Davis M. Neural systems involved in fear-potentiated startle. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989 563 165-183. 

Tizzano, J. R, Griffey, K. and Schoepp, D. D. (2002) The anxiolytic action of mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY35(4740) in the fear-potentiated startle model in rats in mechanistically distinct from diazepam. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 73, 367-374. 

Open field test Vocalization Pigeon eonfliet Fear potentiated startle... 

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