Kinase cascades

The duration of signaling influences how a cell responds to a particular stimulus. For example, brief activation of the MAP kinase cascade in the neuronal cell line, PCI 2, results in proliferation, while sustained... 

Immune Defense JAK-STAT Pathway PIAS proteins Map Kinase Cascades Toll-like Receptors Growth Factors... 

Stimulation of the insulin receptor results in the activation of two major pathways [3] (i) the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade (discussed in chapter MAP kinase cascade) and (ii) the phospha-tidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway which has been extensively studied in the context of the metabolic responses to insulin (summarized in Table 1 and Fig. 2). 

MAP Kinase Cascades. Figure 1 Organization of MAPK cascades. See text for details. 

MAP Kinase Cascades. Table 1 Pharmacological Inhibitors of MAPK Cascades... 

Mitogen activated protein kinase. MAP Kinase Cascade... 

Neurotrophins (NGF brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF neurotrophin-3, NT-3 NT-4 NT-6) are important regulators of neural survival, development, function, and plasticity of the vertebrate nervous system [1]. Neurotrophins generally function as noncovalently associated homodimers. They activate two different classes of receptors, through which signaling pathways can be activated, including those mediated by Ras and members of the cdc42/rac/rho G protein families, MAP kinase, PI-3 kinase, and Jun kinase cascades. 

The classical PTPs can be subdivided into receptorlike PTPs and nonreceptor, cytosolic PTPs. The second category of PTPs are broadly defined as dual specificity phosphatases (DSPs), which dephosphorylate pSer/ pThr as well as pTyr. MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) ( MAP kinase cascades) and PTEN are examples of DSP family members. Remarkably, PTEN also has lipid phosphatase activity that is specific for phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate generated in response to the actions of PI3K. Finally, the class of low molecular mass (LM-) PTPs and that of CDC25 PTPs accomplish the cells repertoire of PTPs (Fig. 3). 

Activated Ras triggers signalling down the Raf-MEKl / 2-Erkl/2-RSKl MAP kinase cascade. This process is inhibited by the RasGAP neurofibromin (NF1). Both Erkl/and RSK1 can directly phosphorylate TSC2 and these phosphorylation events inhibit the GAP activity of TSC2 and thus ultimately promote mTORCl activity. 

Ludwig S (2007) Influenza viruses and MAP kinase cascades - novel targets for antiviral intervention, Signal Transduction 7 81-88... 

Mediator Receptor-hormone complex cAMP,cGMP,Ca k metabolites of complex phosphoinositols, kinase cascades... 

Class II hormones, which bind to cell surface receptors, generate a variety of intracellular signals. These include cAMP, cGMP, Ca +, phosphatidylinositides, and protein kinase cascades. 

Sugden PH, Clerk A. Regulation of the ERK subgroup of MAP kinase cascades through G protein-coupled receptors. Cell Signal 1997 9(5) 337—351. 

Gomez, N., and Cohen, P. (1991). Dissection of the protein kinase cascade by which nerve growth factor activates MAP kinases. Nature 353 170-173. 

Kosako, H Nishida, E., and Gotoh, Y. (1993). cDNA cloning of MAP kinase kinase reveals kinase cascade pathway in yeasts to vertebrates. EMBO J. 12 787-794. 

Sprague, G. F Jr. (1992). Kinase cascade conserved. Curr. Opin. Curr. Biol. 2 587-589. 

Each of these pathways involves a kinase cascade resulting in the phosphorylation and activation of the MAP kinase family member. Each contains a dual phosphorylation site (TEY, TPY, or TGY) and the central residue in the motif characteristic of the class, as shown in Table 8.1. It is evident that cells are endowed with parallel signal-transduction pathways and that they may operate individually or in combination to initiate specific patterns of gene expression. Additionally, crosstalk between the pathways undoubtedly occurs. None of these pathways has a unique function it is more likely that the combination of pathways that are activated (or silenced) together with the... 

Treisman, R., Regulation of transcription by MAP kinase cascades, Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol., 8, 205-215, 1996. 

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