Phospholipid regulation

Franzot, G., Sjoblom, B., Gautel, M., and Djinovic Carugo, K. (2005). The crystal structure of the actin binding domain from alpha-actinin in its closed conformation Structural insight into phospholipid regulation of alpha-actinin. /. Mol. Biol. 348, 151-165. 

Young, P., and Gautel, M. (2000). The interaction of titin and alpha-actinin is controlled by a phospholipid-regulated intramolecular pseudoligand mechanism. EMBOJ. 19, 6331-6340. 

Fluhr, J.W., Kao, J., Jain, M. et al. Generation of free fatty acids from phospholipids regulates stratum corneum acidification and integrity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 117, 44—51 (2001). 

R. G., Hydroxy alkenal phospholipids regulate inflammatory functions of endothehal cehs. 2002, 38(4), 201—9. 

Subbanagounder, G., Wong, J.W., Lee, H., FauU, K.F., Miller, E., Witztum, J.L., and Berhner, J.A. 2002. Epoxyisoprostane and epoxycyclopentenone phospholipids regulate monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 synthesis. Formation of these oxidized phospholipids in response to interleukin-Ibeta. /. Biol. Chem.. 277, 7271-7281. 

Annexins form an evolutionary conserved family of Ca2+ and phospholipid binding proteins implicated in membrane trafficking and the regulation of Ca2+ currents across membranes. 

The different pro- and anticoagulatory systems are complex regulated cascades involving blood cells (platelets, monocytes, endothelial cells), enzymes, cofactors, phospholipids, and calcium, which interact with each other... 

After uptake by the liver, free fatty acids are either P Oxidized to COj or ketone bodies or esterified to triacylglycerol and phospholipid. There is regulation of entry of fatty acids into the oxidative pathway by carnitine palmitojdtransferase-I (CPT-I), and the remainder of the fatty acid uptake is esterified. CPT-I activity is... 

The lipid layer, which consists of cholesterol esters, phospholipids, and triglycerides, prevents and regulates aqueous evaporation from the tear film. 

Therefore, it is currently believed that anandamide is formed from membrane phospholipids (Fig. 4) through a pathway that involves (1) a trans-acylation of the amino group of phosphatidylethanolamine with arachidonate from the sn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine and (2) a D-type phosphodiesterase activity on the resulting A-arachidonylphosphati-dylethanolamide (NAPE). Synthesis of anandamide is presumably regulated at the levels of both enzymes, the A-acyltranferase and the phospholipase D, by stimuli that raise intracellular calcium or by receptors linked with cAMP and PKA. It has been shown that anandamide is formed when neurons are depolarized and, therefore, the intracellular calcium ion levels are elevated (Cadas, 1996). 

Fig. 10.7 RNA synthesis in vesicles. Membrane permeability can be regulated by choosing the correct chain length of the fatty acids in the phospholipids. Short chains (a) make the bilayer so unstable that even large molecules such as proteases can enter the vesicle interior and damage the polymerase. Carbon chains which are too long (b) prevent the entry of substrate molecules such as ADR RNA polymerisation in the vesicle occurs only with C14 fatty acids (c)...

Klucken, J., et al. ABCG1 (ABC8), the human homolog of the Drosophila white gene, is a regulator of macrophage cholesterol and phospholipid transport. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 

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