Michigan, elements

The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth s crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from the brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. 

A member of the halogen group of elements, it is obtained from natural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Little bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about 85 ppm. 

A number of pool, also called swimming pool, reactors have been built at educational institutions and research laboratories. The core in these reactors is located at the bottom of a large pool of water, 6 m deep, suspended from a bridge. The water serves as moderator, coolant, and shield. An example is the Lord nuclear reactor at the University of Michigan, started in 1957. The core is composed of fuel elements, each having 18 aluminum-clad plates of 20% enriched uranium. It operates at 2 MW, giving a thermal flux of 3 x 10 (cm -s). The reactor operates almost continuously, using a variety of beam tubes, for research purposes. 

The commercial recovery of iodine on an industrial scale depends on the particular source of the element.Erom natural brines, such as those at Midland (Michigan) or in Russia or Japan, chlorine oxidation followed by air blowout as for bromine (above) is much used, the final purification being by resublimation. Alternatively the brine, after clarification, can be treated with just sufficient AgNOs to precipitate the Agl which is then treated with clean scrap iron or steel to form metallic Ag and a solution of EeU the Ag is redissolved in HNO3 for recycling and the solution is treated with CI2 to liberate the h ... 

Shimp, N.F. Schlercher, J.S. Ruch, R.R. Heck, D.B. Leland, H.V. Trace Element and Organic Carbon Accumlation in the Most Recent Sediments of Southern Lake Michigan. Environ. Geo. 1971 Notes 41, 25. 

Mauk, J. L. and Hancock, R. G. Y. (1998). Trace element geochemistry of native copper from the White Pine mine, Michigan (USA) implications for sourcing artefacts. Archaeometry 40 97-107. 

Shafer, M. M., and D. E. Armstrong (1990), "Trace Element Cycling in Southern Lake Michigan Role of Water Column Particle Components", Abstract ACS Meeting, 273-277. 

In studies of the concentrations of arsenic, bromine, chromium, copper, mercury, lead and zinc in south-eastern Lake Michigan, it was shown that these elements concentrated near the sediment water interface of the fine-grained sediments. The concentration of these elements was related to the amount of organic carbon present in the sediments (161). However, it was not possible to correlate the concentration of boron, berylium, copper, lanthanum, nickel, scandium and vanadium with organic carbon levels. The difficulty in predicting the behaviour of cations in freshwater is exemplified in this study for there is no apparent reason immediately obvious why chromium and copper on the one hand and cobalt and nickel on the other exhibit such variations. However, it must be presumed that lanthanium might typify the behaviour of the trivalent actinides and tetravalent plutonium. 

Dosi, G. Marengo, L. 1994. Some element of an evolutionary theory of organizational competencies. In R. W. England (ed.). Evolutionary Concepts in Contemporary Economies. Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press. 

Klein, 1., The Melting Factor in Extruder Performance, SPEL, 28, 47 (1972) Altinkaynak, A., Three-Dimensional Finite Element Simulation of Polymer Melting and Flow in a Single-Screw Extruder Optimization of Screw Channel Geometry, Ph. D. Thesis, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI (2010)... 

It occurs in seawater where some species of seaweed and kelp accumulate the element in their cells. It is also recovered from deep brine wells found in Chile, Indonesia, Japan, and Michigan, Arkansas, and Oklahoma in the United States. The iodine is recovered from cremated ashes of seaweed. The ashes are leached with water to remove the unwanted salts. Finally, manganese dioxide (MnO ) is added to oxidize the iodine ions (1 ) to produce elemental diatomic iodine (y. The following reaction takes place 41 " + MnO —> Mnl + I. + 202-... 

Steele I. M., Hutcheon I. D. and Smith J. V. (1980b). Ion microprobe analysis of plagioclase feldspar (Cai xNaxAl2 xSi2+x08)- for major, minor and trace elements. VIII Int. Congr. X-ray Optics Micro analysis, Pendell Pub. Co, Midland, Michigan. 

At a Superfund site in Battle Creek, Michigan, DVE was nsed as part of a larger SVE system to treat 26,700 yd of VOC-contaminated soil. Excluding before-treatment cost elements, total remediation expenses at the site were 1,645,281. This valne translates to 62/yd of soil treated, or 37/lb of contaminant removed. Before-treatment costs at the site eqnaled 535,180. The EPA notes that overall costs at this site were higher becanse of the extensive sampling and analysis that were required (D13945R, pp. 225, 227 D125053, p. 871). 

Sievering, H. Dave, M. Dolske, D. McCoy, P. Trace Element Concentrations over Mid-Lake Michigan as a Function of Meteorology and Source Region, Atmospheric Environ., 1980, Jj ... 

Rahn, K. A. Sources of trace elements in aerosols, an approach to clean air. Doctoral dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. (1971). 

The carbon analyzer has been used to analyze filters from 42 urban sites and 22 non-urban sites in the United States. These filters were obtained from the National Air Surveillance Network (NASN) filter bank for 1975. Carbon concentrations and mass fractions for Detroit, Michigan, are shown in Figures 5 and 6. Both the organic and elemental carbon concentrations are highly variable, and no seasonal trends are apparent. For this site elemental carbon constituted 38% of total aerosol carbon. Typical values for other sites ranged between 35 and 55%. 

Kasimir Fajans, 1887-. American physical chemist, bom in Poland. Professor at the University of Michigan. Codiscoverer with Gohring of uranium X (brevium). In 1913 he discovered, simultaneously with Soddy, the law of radioactive displacement of elements in the periodic system as the result of o- and /9-ray emission. 

The present paper is based on the author s study (1) funded by the U. S. Bureau of Mines which, however, is not responsible for the views expressed or the conclusions reached. The time element has been subdivided into three discrete points and a period. The points include current output levels, for use as a base line, 1985 and 1990. The period encompasses the decade from 1990. This reflects the increasing unreliability of the estimates as the projection is extended. Because sulfur markets tend to be discrete and sulfur sources tend to be geographically differentiated regional supply projections are required. The definition chosen here is the Petroleum Administration for Defense districts. [These are defined as I - Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. II - Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. 

U. Shahin, S.-M. Yi, R. D. Paode, and T. M. Holsen, Long-Term Elemental Dry Deposition Fluxes Measured Around Lake Michigan, Environ. Sci. 

Another problem encountered was the impurity content of the filter paper used in the high volume samplers to collect the particulate samples. The conventional filter material used by EPA was glass fiber filter media. However, this was not compatible with INAA because of its high and varied impurity content. Discussions with K. Rahn of the Ford Reactor at the University of Michigan revealed that Whatman-41 filter paper was the most desirable medium for use with INAA (see Ref. 2). Our analyses showed Whatman-41 to be very low in impurities with consistent impurity levels from batch to batch. Average impurity levels, based on 12 batch analyses, are shown in Table III. Although the levels for calcium, chlorine, sodium, aluminum, and iron appear large, they rarely affected elemental levels found in filtered particulates. Impurity levels did not vary more than 25% from the mean. 

The effectiveness of a partition coefficient (Kd) approach in predicting trace metal residence times in Lake Michigan was demonstrated by Shafer and Armstrong (20). Nearly 99% of the variation in residence time among five trace elements was modeled on the basis of Kd. The same concepts can... 

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