Carbon analyzer

Adsorption is determined by the depletion method using a Dohrmann DC 80 carbon analyzer. The mineral is contacted with the polymer solution and agitated with a mechanical tumbler for 24 hours, a time which has been verified to be sufficient for adsorption to be complete (9). A more detailed description of experimental procedures is given elsewhere (10). All the data reported in this study are taken in the plateau region of the adsorption isotherm. 

Chemical sensors that can be used to identify potential threats to process water and industrial wastewater systems include inorganic monitors (e.g., chlorine analyzer), organic monitors (e.g., total organic carbon analyzer), and toxicity meters. Radiological meters can be used to measure concentrations of several different radioactive species. 

A relation similar to Equation 3-9 has been found to account satisfactorily for organic aerosols formed from cyclopentene, cyclohexene, and 1,7-octadiene in smog chambers. The aerosol organic carbon concentration as a function of time was measured (Grosjean and Fried-lander, unpublished data) with an organic-carbon analyzer (Figure 3-22). The relation obtained was ... 

Grosjean, D. Solvent extraction and organic carbon determination in atmospheric particulate matter The organic extraction-organic carbon analyzer (OE-OCA) technique. Anal. Chem. 47 797-805, 1975. 

The carbon analyzer consists of three principal parts the combustion system, the laser reflectance system, and the microprocessor control. The combustion system is shown in Figures 1 and 2. Four filter disks, each 0.25 cm in area, are mounted vertically in a quartz boat which is located in the loading section of the combustion oven. The oven is purged with a 2% 02-98% He mixture, and the temperature of the heating zone is set to 350 C. 

The carbon analyzer has been used to analyze filters from 42 urban sites and 22 non-urban sites in the United States. These filters were obtained from the National Air Surveillance Network (NASN) filter bank for 1975. Carbon concentrations and mass fractions for Detroit, Michigan, are shown in Figures 5 and 6. Both the organic and elemental carbon concentrations are highly variable, and no seasonal trends are apparent. For this site elemental carbon constituted 38% of total aerosol carbon. Typical values for other sites ranged between 35 and 55%. 

Cadle, S.H. Groblicki, J.P. Stroup, D.P. "An automated carbon analyzer for particulate samples", presented at the Second Chemical Congress of the North American Continent, Las Vegas, Nevada., August 1980. 

The value of /, PR, and the pure water permeation rate (PWP) for a given area of film surface (13.2 cm2 in this work) were determined under the specified experimental conditions. The data on PR and PWP are corrected for 25 °C. Concentrations of NaCl were determined by conductance measurement, whereas concentrations of organic solutes were determined by the Beckman total carbon analyzer model 915-A. 

Instrumentation. Glenco glass columns, 3500 series, with Teflon end fittings and Teflon tubing, were used in the field, along with Cole-Parmer peristaltic pumps and Flotec positive-displacement pumps. A Beckman 915 B carbon analyzer was used to quantify influents, effluents, and eluates. 

E. T. Urbansky, Total Oiganic Carbon Analyzers as Tools for Measuring Carbonaceous Matter in Natural Waters, J. Environ. Monit. 2001,3, 102. General references on environmental analysis M. Radojevic and V. N. Bashkin, Practical Environmental Analysis (Cambridge Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999) and D. Perez-Bendito and S. Rubio, Environmental Analytical Chemistry (Amsterdam Elsevier, 1998). 

Each port was located in an area of turbulence with the sampling tube directed into the flow so that small and large oil drops entered with equal facility. A Coulter Counter Model T -X 11 was used to measure the oil-drop size distributions. A Beckman Model 915A Total Organic Carbon Analyzer was used to measure oil concentration. 

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer 4000) was used with standard operating conditions to determine dissolved and total Mn, irrespective of oxidation state. Dissolved organic carbon was determined with an organic carbon analyzer (Beckman model 915B TOCmaster). 

Semibituminous Coat. Coal that ranks between bituminous coal and semianthracile. It is harder and more brittle than bituminous coal, has a high fuel ratio and bums without smoke. Semibituminous coal is also known as metabituminous coal which is defined as containing 89-91.2% carbon, analyzed on a dry. ash-free basis. The term smokeless coal also is used. 

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations in smoke aerosol can be measured by using a semicontinuous thermal-optical OC/EC instruments [18]. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water-soluble ions can be detected in smoke plumes with a PILS combined with a total organic carbon analyzer [30] and IC [19]. Besides smoke-specific tracers, the HR-ToF-AMS enables to study the concentrations of organic matter (OM), nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, and chloride in smoke particles [30]. Black carbon (BC) can be measured in real-time with several instruments, e.g., with aethalometer [19], multi-angle absorption photometer [29], and particle soot absorption photometer [25]. 

Figure 9.6 Comparison of the weight percentage of carbon formation measured by TEOM and TPO-IR (Carbon Analyzer) after reaction over 25 mg ICI R15513 catalysts at 0.1 MPa and 923 K at different feed gas compositions simulating (1) initial C02...

In-Situ Study of Carbon Deposition during C02 Reforming of Methane Carbon Analyzer... 

Elements determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, anions by ion chromatography, and carbon by total carbon analyzer. 

Whole rock analyses. The thoroughly homogenised whole rock samples were dissolved in a HF/HN03/HC104-solution and analysed for major and trace elements by emission spectroscopy (ICPES). The carbonate content was determined separately by treatment of the rock powder with HC1. Total organic carbon of the whole rock samples was determined by a Leco carbon analyzer. 

Practical methods also have been reported for semicon-tinuous measurement of nitrate and carbon in particles from ambient air. For example, an instrument for nitrate monitoring uses collection of particles on an impactor surface, followed by flash volatilization and determination of the nitrate present using a chemiluminescence technique. Ion chromatographs also have been adopted for semicontinuous determination of gaseous and particulate nitrate. Real-time carbon analyzers also are available, one of which uses differential thermal analysis of impactor-collected material. 

Ultrafiltration was applied to examine the size fractionation of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Na, and Pb in white and red wines [91]. Metal determinations were performed on the unfiltered wine, the 0.45 p,m membrane-filtered wine and each ultrafiltrate fraction. Aluminum was determined by ET-AAS, while FAAS was employed for Cu and Fe. An electroanalytical technique, stripping potentiometry, was selected for Pb measurement, whereas flame photometry was chosen for K and Na quantification. Fractionation patterns were evaluated and discussed. Castineira et al. [92] combined on-line tangential-flow multistage ultrafiltration with a home-built carbon analyzer and ICP-MS for size fractionation of nonvolatile dissolved organic compounds and metal species in three German white wines. The study showed that the major part of the elements investigated (up to 25) were dissolved in the size fraction of < 1 kDa, with the exception of Ba, Pb, and Sr, which also appeared in other fractions. 

M. M. Castineira, P. Burba, N. Jakubowski, J. Andersson, Size fractionation of nonvolatile dissolved organic compounds and metal species in German white wines by combining on-line tangential-flow multistage ultrafiltration, a home-built carbon analyzer, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 376 (2003), 174-181. 

Coke deposition was performed via cracking reactions of a real feedstock (gas-oil) operated in a fixed bed reactor which allows a wide range of experimental conditions [7] catalyst mass from 0.5 to 10 g reaction temperature from 723 K to 873 K pressure from 1 to 4 bar injected feed mass between 0.4 and 4 g feed injection time from 10 to 300 s. This reactor induces a coke formation very similar in quantity and nature to that observed on industrial plant catalysts [7]. Coke combustion was performed at 1773 K under oxygen flow in a Leco CR12 carbon analyzer. The global carbon content was extracted from the total volume of carbon dioxide produced during combustion... 

The use of carbon isotopes to study DOC is becoming more prevalent due to technological advances in mass spectrometry. DOC generally occurs in natural waters in low concentrations, typically ranging between 0.5 ppm and 10 ppm carbon (Thurman, 1985 see Chapter 5.10). Thus, several liters to tens of liters of water were once necessary to extract enough DOC for conventional dual gas-inlet isotopic analysis. Today, automated total organic carbon analyzers (TOCs) are commercially available, and have been successfully interfaced with continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometers (CF-IRMS) for stable isotopic measurements of samples containing ppb concentrations of DOC (e.g., St-Jean, 2003). 

D. L. Ford, "Application of the Total Carbon Analyzer for Industrial Wastewater Evaluation" in Proceedings 23rdIndustrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, 1968. 

There is not too much argument about analysis methods of the collected particulate material. While a few workers continue to use wet oxidation methods, it is acknowledged that these methods are neither as sensitive nor as accurate as the various dry combustion methods. Most of the more recent work has been done with one or another of the commercially available carbon analyzers (2). However, a few laboratories still use units assembled before the advent of suitable commercial xmits (3). All of these units, commercial or home-built, oxidize the organic carbon to carbon dioxide at high temperatures and measure this carbon dioxide usually by nondispersive infrared gas analysis (4) or by thermal conductivity. The results of the various methods seem completely comparable (5). 

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measurements were obtained on the size-fraction ated concentrates with a PHOTOchem Organic Carbon Analyzer (Sybron, Model E3500) as an indication of the concentration of humic materials in each fraction. DOC values are reported as ppmC (mgL" ) The major cations in each fraction were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (Instruments SA, Model JY 86). 

Aqueous organic carbon analyzers helped revolutionize humic studies during the last decade. Not only could organic carbon measurements be made quickly and accurately on any water sample, but organic carbon analysis, used as a monitoring detector like conductivity and fluorescence, opened a new dimension in experimental design and approaches. In conjunction with other methods, the amount and distribution of humic substances in water in relation to other carbon-containing compounds could be determined. 

Total Organic Carbon Analysis (TOC). TOC analysis was carried out on a Beckman 915A Total Organic Carbon analyzer according to the standard procedures used with this instrument. 

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