Metal pollution distributions

Klenke et al. [5] described a technique for extraction of humic and fulvic acids from stream sediments and outlined methods for their determination. By means of flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the levels of environmentally important heavy metals (cadmium, copper, chromium, cobalt, nickel and lead) in the fulvic and humic acid extracts were compared with those in the original sediment samples. The pattern distribution of the respective metals in the two cases showed very close agreement, suggesting that the combined extract of humic and fulvic acids could be used as an indicator of the level of heavy metal pollution in flowing waters. 

Six samples were taken daily during three non-consecutive days within one week to achieve an average weekly composition. The sample size of every subsample of BA had to be defined based on considerations of a particulate pollutant (e.g., heavy metals) concentration rather than that of a diffusive pollutant distribution. A sample size reduction scheme (Fig. 1) was defined according to the study of Bunge Bunge (1999) depending on grain size and concentration of particulate pollutants. From the 18 collected subsamples,... 

The atmospheric transport of heavy metals, oil hydrocarbons, and radionuclides is described by many models (Phillips et al., 1997 Payne et al., 1991 Sportisse, 2000). Application of these models to the reconstruction of the pollution distribution over Q makes it possible to estimate optimal values of Atp, AA and time steps At. The present level of the database for the Arctic Basin provides for use of a single-level Euler model with At = 10 days, A

pollution sources can be located at the Arctic Basin boundary. Detailed distributions of these pollution sources are given as SSMAE input. The transport of pollutants to the Arctic Basin and the formation of their spatial distribution are realized in conformity with the wind velocity field, which is considered as given (Krapivin and Phillips, 2001a, b). 

Yi S-M, Sofiioglu SC, Holsen TM, et al. 1996. Atmospheric mass and metal size distributions measured around Lake Michigan. In Measurements of toxic relationships between air pollutants. Pittsburgh, PA Air Waste Management Association, 369-378. 

The univariate treatment of the results from investigation of the surroundings of a large metallurgical factory enables first conclusions to be drawn on the heavy metal pollution. But the high environmentally derived variability of the spatial distribution of pollutants strongly limits quantitative assessment of the polluted area. 

To study the biogeochemical behavior of trace metals in a system such as the Baltic Sea, it is imperative that careful analytical determinations are made to determine metal concentrations, distribution, flucmation, transformation, modification, speciation, and pollution status. 

Many metal pollutants (e.g. mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc) are hazardous to human health and terrestrial ecosystems. The determination of metals in contaminated soils may be carried out for a variety of reasons, such as measurement of total or defined extractable content, which provides knowledge of soil components in respect of changes in soil composition produced by natural or anthropogenic contamination. In addition, the analysis may be designed to investigate and categorise degrees of contamination of land for current or intended use. An environmental survey of a polluted site may be undertaken to obtain information about the nature, quantity, distribution and behaviour of contaminants and, if necessary, to select the most appropriate use of the site (Hester Harrison 2001 Kibblewhite 2001). 

Because a trace-metal concentration distribution map shows a texture that is not related exclusively to grain-size, but also to point sources of pollution along the Connecticut coast (Figs. 7-9), this means that the net... 

Dendroanalysis (dendrochemistry) is the retrospective biomonitoring of trace metal pollution using the distributions of metals in tree rings. The value of the method is questioned, since trace metal distributions in wood are unstable. The distributions are affected by physiological processes in the life wood tissue. The transition from sapwood to heartwood affects the element distributions. Furthermore, the element patterns depend on the cation exchange capacity of the wood tissue. Currently it seems not possible to decipher the information which may be stored in the distribution patterns of trace metals in. stems of trees. Experimental approaches are described that may help to extract information from trace metals in tree rings. 

The temporal and spatial distributions of dissolved metal pollutants are highly dependent on two important processes in the coastal boundary zone. 

In an effort to explore the status of metal pollution under diverse environmental conditions, we have been involved in a number of projects to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of the major metallic components on the Korean peninsula such as Pb (Kim 2007a), Cd (Kim 2007b), Cr (Nguyen and Kim 2008), and Mn (Myeong et al. in press). In light of the potential impacts of these hazardous metal species, their concentration data have been monitored routinely at monthly intervals in parallel at 13 major cities with different source characteristics. As these measurements have been conducted over an extended period from 1991 to 2006, a comprehensive evaluation of each metal data set was made to allow in-depth descriptions of their distribution patterns. 

Spencer KL, Cundy AB, Croudace IW (2003) Heavy metal distribution and early-diagenesis in salt marsh sediments from the Medway Estuary, Kent, UK. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 57 43-54 Spokes LJ, Jickells TD (2002) Speciation of metals in the atmospehre. In Ure AM, Davidson CM (eds) Chemical speciation in the environment. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford Szczepaniak K, Biziuk M (2003) Aspects of the biomonitoring studies using mosses and lichens as indicators of metal pollution. Environ Res 93(3) 221-230 Townsend AT, Snape I (2002) The use of Pb isotope ratios determined by magnetic sector ICP-MS for tracing Pb pollution in marine sediments near Casey Station, East Antarctica. J Anal At Spectrom 17 922-928... 

Fernandez C, Labanowski J, Cambier P, Jongmans AG, Van Oort F (2007) Fate of airborne metal pollution in soils as related to agricultural management I. Zn and Pb distributions in soil profiles. Eur J Soil Sci 58 547-559... 

Xie Y, Chen T, Lei M et al (2011) Spatial distribution of soil heavy metal pollution estimated by different interpolation methods accuracy and uncertainty analysis. Chemosphere 82 468-476... 

The atmospheric pollution by cadmium is a result both of natural and man-made activities, such as the combustion processes based on fossil fuels (in particular coal and oil) and the emission from processes in the pyro-metallurigical non-ferrous metal industries. The deposition, transport, and inhalation processes are controlled predominantly by the size of the atmospheric aerosols, so that the primary type of speciation of interest to atmospheric chemists is the metal size distribution. However, chemical speciation (in terms of the distribution of both the dissolved/ particulate species and the inorganic/organic complexes) is important in governing... 

Surface water enrichment is the result of aeolian and fluvial inputs, which are thought to be the most important sources of Th to the ocean. Thorinm-232 has been proposed as a link between the radiogenic thorium isotopes and trace metals and anthropogenic pollutants. " While the pathways are very different for the radiogenic thorium isotopes, Th is delivered to the ocean in a fashion similar to many pollutants and trace metals. For example, Guo et found Th distributions in the Gulf of Mexico and off Cape Hatteras in the North Atlantic Ocean agreed well with the general distribution pattern of aluminum. 

The book focuses on the biogeochemistry of trace elements in arid and semiarid zone soils and includes an introductory chapter on the nature and properties of arid zone soils. It presents an updated overview and a comprehensive coverage of the major aspects of trace elements and heavy metals that are of most concern in the world s arid and semi-arid soils. These include the content and distribution of trace elements in arid soils, their solution chemistry, their solid-phase chemistry, selective sequential dissolution techniques for trace elements in arid soils, the bioavailability of trace elements, and the pollution and remediation of contaminated arid soils. A comprehensive and focused case study on transfer fluxes of trace elements in Israeli arid and semi-arid soils is presented. The book concludes with a discussion of a quantitative global perspective on anthropogenic interferences in the natural trace elements distributions. The elements discussed in this book include Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg, As, Se, Co, B, Mo and others. This book is an excellent reference for students and professionals in the environmental, ecological, agricultural and geological sciences. 

Martinez Garcia M.J., Moreno-Grau S., Martinez Garcia J.J., Moreno J., Bayo J., Guillen Perez J.J., Moreno-Clavel J. Distribution of the metals lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in the top soil of Cartagena, Spain. Water Soil Soil Pollut 2001 131 329-347. 

Moral R., Gilkes R.J., Jordan M.M. Distribution of heavy metals in calcareous and non-calcareous soils in Spain. Water Air Soil Pollut 2005 162 127-142. 

As zebra mussel, red swamp crayfish can be used to monitor the aquatic environment for Hg pollution owing to its capacity to accumulate metals in its tissues [54]. Other features, namely abundant populations, long life cycle, widespread distribution, and relatively sedentary lifestyle, also contribute to use this crayfish as bio-indicator of monitoring environmental quality [55]. 

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