Sedentary lifestyle

The development of CHD is a lifelong process. Except in rare cases of severely elevated serum cholesterol levels, years of poor dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle, and life-habit risk factors (e.g., smoking and obesity) contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.3 Unfortunately, many individuals at risk for CHD do not receive lipid-lowering therapy or are not optimally treated. This chapter will help identify individuals at risk, assess treatment goals based on the level of CHD risk, and implement optimal treatment strategies and monitoring plans. 

Along with genetics, environmental factors have been found to contribute to obesity. In particular, increased food consumption and an inactive (sedentary) lifestyle are environmental factors that very closely correlate with an increased risk of obesity. 

As zebra mussel, red swamp crayfish can be used to monitor the aquatic environment for Hg pollution owing to its capacity to accumulate metals in its tissues [54]. Other features, namely abundant populations, long life cycle, widespread distribution, and relatively sedentary lifestyle, also contribute to use this crayfish as bio-indicator of monitoring environmental quality [55]. 

Because total cholesterol is composed of cholesterol derived from LDL, VLDL, and HDL, determination of HDL is useful when total plasma cholesterol is elevated. HDL may be elevated by moderate alcohol ingestion (fewer than two drinks per day), physical exercise, smoking cessation, weight loss, oral contraceptives, phenytoin, and terbutaline. HDL may be lowered by smoking, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and drugs such as /1-blockers. 

What is behind this trend Supersized portions, cheap fast food, and soft drinks combined with a sedentary lifestyle of TV watching or (25) Internet surfing have most likely... 

Regular exercise helps in lowering blood pressure especially in obese patients. A sedentary lifestyle is often implicated in cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension. Other non-pharmacological methods that help reduce blood pressure include decrease in sodium intake, moderation of alcohol consumption, avoiding stress and stopping smoking for smokers. Healthy food... 

A sedentary lifestyle and the availability of abundant amounts of energy-dense foods are important contributing factors to epidemic obesity in the United States and in many areas of the developed world. 

Although the exact molecular basis for the insulin resistance is not known, there are strong associations with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. 

The answer is A. Recent research has revealed that excess visceral fat deposits secrete several factors that have direct effects on the brain as well as directly on muscle to produce peripheral insulin resistance. Some of these newly identified factors are leptin, re-sistin, and adiponectin, whose mechanisms of action are still under active investigation. Death of pancreatic beta cells is a hallmark feature of type 1 diabetes and may occur only in very advanced stages of type 2 diabetes. Excess adipose in the thighs and buttocks does not contribute as strongly to insulin resistance as does visceral fat, presumably due to a lower level of endocrine activity of such fat depots. Dysfunction of liver lipid metabolism is more a consequence of excess activity of adipose than a cause of insulin resistance. A sedentary lifestyle contributes to build-up of excess fat stores but does not act directly to induce insulin resistance. 

Diabetes mellitus is currently the fourth leading cause of death in most developed countries. The worldwide incidence of diabetes is increasing. In 1995, some 135 million people were affected. This figure is projected to increase to 300 million by 2025. The increasing incidence is due to a number of factors, including increasing world population, population ageing, unhealthy diets, sedentary lifestyles and obesity. 

In their generally favourable study, Novick et al. (1993) found an increased rate of diabetes mellitus in methadone maintenance patients, which they ascribed to the same causes as the obesity finding, namely high calorie intake and sedentary lifestyle. 

Obesity and sedentary lifestyle promote the development of type 2 diabetes. 

Major CVD risk factors include age, male gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, and family history of premature CAD... 

Lifestyle factors have been associated with ED in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. In particular, obesity and sedentary lifestyle are clear-cut risk factors for ED, both in men with comorbid illnesses such as hypertension and diabetes, and especially in men without overt cardiovascular disease (50). Other lifestyle factors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, have been implicated in some, but not all, studies to date. Intervening on cardiovascular and lifestyle factors may have broader benefits beyond restoration of erectile function. This important concept needs careful consideration, as recent studies have implicated the role of the metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, and lack of exercise as independent risk factors for both ED and cardiovascular disease (51,52). 

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