Fish gills

Playle, R.C., D.G. Dixon, and K. Bumison. 1993a. Copper and cadmium binding to fish gills modification by dissolved organic carbon and synthetic ligands. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50 2667-2677. 

Playle, R.C. (1998). Modelling metal interactions at fish gills, Sci. Total Environ., 219, 147-163. 

Distinguishing between adsorption on to the cell surface and the actual transfer across the cell membrane into the cell may be difficult, since both processes are very fast (a few seconds or less). For fish gills, this is further complicated by the need to confirm transcellular solute transport (or its absence) by measuring the appearance of solutes in the blood over seconds or a few minutes. At such short time intervals, apparent blood solute concentrations are not at equilibrium with those in the entire extracellular space, and will need correcting for plasma volume and circulation time in relation to the time taken to collect the blood sample [30]. Nonetheless, Handy and Eddy [30] developed a series of rapid solution dipping experiments to estimate radiolabelled Na+... 

Shephard, K. L. (1992). Studies on the fish gill microclimate interactions between gill tissue, mucus and water quality, Environ. Biol. Fish., 34, 409-420. 

Playle, R. C., Dixon, D. G. and Burnison, K. (1993). Copper and cadmium binding to fish gills estimates of metal-gill stability constants and modelling of metal accumulation, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 50, 2678-2687. 

Laurent, P. and Perry, S. F. (1991). Environmental effects on fish gill morphology, Physiol. Zool., 64, 4-25. 

Lin, H. and Randall, D. J. (1995). Proton pumps in fish gills. In Cellular and Molecular Approaches to Fish Ionic Regulation, eds. Wood, C. M. and Shuttle-worth, T. J., Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-23. 

Scheid, P. and Piiper, J. (1971). Theoretical analysis of respiratory gas equilibration in water passing through fish gills, Respir. Physiol., 13, 305-318. 

Figure 7.1 Comparison of the patterns of organic contaminant uptake rates (as related to log Kows) by SPMDs and across fish gills (McKim et ah, 1985). Reprinted with permission from the American Petroleum Institute (Huckins et al., 2002).

Table 7.1 Comparison of Selected Properties of Standard SPMDs and Fish Gills...

Sediments Erosion from farming, forestry, mining, and development river diversions coastal dredging and mining Reduces water clarity and changes bottom habitats clogs fish gills carries toxins and nutrients. 

According to McFarland [26], aquatic toxicity can be considered the result of penetration of toxicant into biophases and its interaction with one or more biochemical sites of action. Thus, he and others have postulated that toxicity is a function of the ability of the chemical to enter biophases and its ability to react with cellular compounds. Bioavailability of chemicals in fish has been shown to be related to chemical flux across fish gills [27], an identified exposure pathway. Flux across fish gills is in turn related to the ability of the chemical to partition between organic and aqueous phases, which is usually correlated with the its octanol-water partition coefficient (logPo/w) [28]. It is therefore not surprising that the acute toxicity of narcotic chemicals has been shown to be related to their propensity to accumulate in the membranes, and hence their logPe/w [29]. 

In experimental assay systems, free fatty acids (FFAs) destroy red blood cells and show hemolytic activity (39). Free fatty acids, especially the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) contained in the raphidophyte flagellates, have been implicated as one of the causative substances that damage the epithelial tissues of the fish gills. 

Gill uptake efficiencies. Gill uptake efficiencies of a range of hydrophobic organic chemicals in rainbow trout (data from McKim et al. (1985)) as a function of the chemical s Kow. The solid line represents the fish gill ventilation model predictions of Gobas and Mackay (1987). 

Erickson, R.J. and J.M. McKim. 1990a. A simple flow limited model for the exchange of organic chemicals at fish gills. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9 159-165. 

McKim, J.M. and R.J. Erickson. 1991. Environmental impacts on the physiological mechanisms controlling xenobiotic transfer across fish gills. Physiol. Zool. 64 39-67. 

Caldwell, R. and Vemberg, F.J. (1970). The influence of acclimatisation temperature on the lipid composition of fish gill mitochondria. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 37,179-181. 

Maetz, J. (1971). Fish gills mechanisms of salt transfer in fresh water and sea water. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 262,209-249. 

Maetz, J. (1973). Transport mechanisms in seawater adapted fish gills. Alfred Benson Symposia 5,427-444. 

Zabelinsky, S.A., Chebotareva, M.A., Brovtsina, N.B. and Kravchenko, A.I. (1995). On the adaptive specialisation of fatty acid content and conformation condition in the membrane lipids of fish gills (In Russian). Zhumal Evolutsionnoy Biokhimii i Physiologii 31,29-36. 

Wilkinson KJ, Bertsch PM, Jagoe CH, et al. 1993. Surface complexation of aluminum on isolated fish gill cells. Environ Sci Technol 27 1132-1138. 

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