Avoidance inhibitory

Abbott has also demonstrated in vivo efficacy with two piperazine amides, A-304121 (26) and A-317920 (27). Both (26) and (27) bind to the rat H3 receptor with high affinity (pA) = 9.15 and 8.6, respectively) [92] and are active in several in vivo models, including the acute dipsogenia model and models of cognitive performance and inhibitory avoidance [93]. Unfortunately, these compounds showed markedly reduced affinity for the human H3 receptor, reinforcing the need to screen against the human receptor. 

Izquierdo, I., Fin, C., Schmitz, P. K. etal. Memory enhancement by intrahippocampal, intraamygdala, or intraentorhi-nal infusion of platelet-activating factor measured in an inhibitory avoidance task. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 5047-5051,1995. 

ABT-239 (5), a potent H3R antagonist, was effective at low doses (0.1 mg/kg s.c.) in a repeat trial inhibitory avoidance task in SHR pups [26], a model involving aspects of attention, impulsivity and learning that is thought to be relevant to characteristics of ADHD. ABT-239 was active in a social recognition... 

Cognitive effects A study of the effects of chiysin on memory was performed in the rat (Salgueiro et al. 1997). Chrysin does not have any amnestic effects on either acquisition or retention in three tests of memory (inhibitory avoidance, shuttle avoidance, and habituation to an open field), even at higher doses than required to produce anxiolytic effects. The cognitive effects of passionflower have not been examined in humans. 

McIntyre CK, Hatfield T, McGaugh JL. 2002b. Amygdala norepinephrine levels after training predict inhibitory avoidance retention performance in rats. Eur J Neurosci 16(7) 1223-6. 

Parent MB, Gold PE. 1997. Intra-septal infusions of glucose potentiate inhibitory avoidance deficits when co-infused with the GABA agonist muscimol. Brain Res 745(1—2) 317-320. 

Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 1996. Amygdaloid nuclei lesions differentially affect glucocorticoid-induced memory enhancement in an inhibitory avoidance task. Neurobiol Learn Mem 65(1) 1-8. 

Memory retention impairment. Acetone/ water extract of the rhizome, administered intragastrically to male rats at a dose of 1 mg/ kg, was inactive vs inhibitory avoidance conditioning and water maze perform-ance °° . ... 

The role in learning and memory processes of neuronal versus mast cell-derived HA has also been investigated. Histamine, administered icv immediately post-training have been shown to increase memory in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task.3 However, 48/80, a mast cell HA releaser, was ineffective in producing cognition enhancement when administered icv.4 These findings indicate that neuronally derived HA is responsible for the improvements in learning and memory tasks. 

Chronic exposure to high serum levels of corticosterone induced a significant impairment of inhibitory avoidance learning in rats. In another study, corticosterone elevated over a period of 21 days impaired the formation of a longer-term form of memory, most likely reference memory. Impairments in spatial working memory were seen only after longer durations of corticosterone administration. 

Similar to the fear conditioning paradigms described above, shock is used as a reinforcer when animals are trained to avoid certain compartments. Two different training procedures are widely used. Passive or inhibitory avoidance refers to the active inhibition of a response in order to avoid a footshock by contrast, active avoidance refers to behavioural escape from a dangerous area in order to avoid punishment. 

Ferric ions (demonstrated histochemically by the Prussian blue method) in the dentate gyrus of Swiss-Webster mice chronically implanted with either stainless steel or Pt-Ir wire probes correlated with significant P <0.05) performance deficits tested in a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task (Boast et al. 1975). 

Topic B, Hasenohrl RU, Hacker R, Huston JP (2002) Enhanced conditioned inhibitory avoidance by a combined extract of Zingiber officinale and Ginkgo biloba. Phytother Res 16(4) 312-315... 

Linck et al. [74] investigated the effect of inhaled linalool on anxiety, aggressive behavior, and social interactions in mice. The results showed that inhaled 3 % linalool extended anxiolytic effects on mice, due to the fact that it increased the time spent in the lit area in the light/dark test. A step-down inhibitory avoidance test was... 

CoeUio VR, Gianesini J, Von Borowski R, Mazzardo-Martins L, Martins DF, Picada IN, Santos AR, Brum LF, Pereira P (2011) (—)-Linalool, a naturally occurring monoterpene compound, impairs memory acquisition in the object recognition task, inhibitory avoidance test and habituation to a novel environment in rats. Phytomedicine 18(10) 896-901... 

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