Synapse formation

Holmes TC, de Lacalle S, Su X et al (2000) Extensive neurite outgrowth and active synapse formation on self-assembling peptide scaffolds. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97 6728-6733... 

The developmental processes which produce the AOS parallel to those of the MOS and, although they become separate systems as soon as the organisation of the forebrain begins, do not differ except in the details specific to each system. The differentiation of cell types within the organ, synapse formation in the AOB and the establishment of more central tertiary connections occur in a similar but not identical sequence. In general, the differences amount to alterations in the timing of ontogenetic events, with primary olfaction usually in advance of the... 

Jolly C, Sattentau QJ. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virological synapse formation in T cells requires lipid raft integrity. J Virol 2005 79(18) 12088-12094. 

Arrighi JF, Pion M, Garcia E, et al. DC-SIGN-mediated infectious synapse formation enhances X4 HIV-1 transmission from dendritic cells to T cells. J Exp Med 2004 200(10) 1279-1288. 

Regulation of neuronal proliferation and differentiation, myelinogenesis, neuronal outgrowth, and synapse formation... 

Ranscht B. Cadherins molecular codes for axon guidance and synapse formation. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000 18[7] 643— 651. 

Both nicotinic receptors and acetylcholinesterase are regulated tightly during differentiation and synapse formation 202... 

Tyrosine phosphorylation plays a role in virtually every step in the development and functions of a neuron, including survival and differentiation, the extension of axons to their targets and synapse formation and function (Fig. 24-11) (see Chs 25, 27, 28 and 30). Because of the plethora of effects of tyrosine phosphorylation on neuronal function, the following is by no means a comprehensive review but focuses on several examples that demonstrate its significance for the nervous system (Fig. 24-11). 

Similar studies have been reported on the potentiation of inhibitory synapse formation by BDNF/TrkB. 

Estradiol activates a variety of signaling pathways via membrane-associated receptors in many cell types [20]. In neurons, rapid actions of estradiol stimulate translation of a key protein, PSD-95, involved in synapse formation [24],... 

Developmentally, thyroid hormones interact with sex hormones such that hypothyroidism prolongs the critical period for testosterone-induced defeminization (see below) [3] in contrast, the hyperthyroid state prematurely terminates the sensitivity to testosterone [3]. Undoubtedly, an important link in these and other effects is synapse formation. Hypothyroidism increases synaptic density, at least transiently [3]. Interesting parallels with synapse formation are reported for learning behavior in rats neonatal hypothyroidism impairs learning ability, whereas hyperthyroidism accelerates learning initially, followed by a decline later in life [3]. 

Bendless E2 that controls synapse formation in Drosophila... 

There is evidence that a number of closely related phosphoproteins associated with the synaptic vesicles, called synapsins, are involved in the short-term regulation of neurotransmitter release. These proteins also appear to be involved in the regulation of synapse formation, which allows the nerve network to adapt to long-term passage of nerve impulses. 

Oral gavage of rat pups with 14mg/kg/day ftom posmatal day 5 through 20 caused reductions in serum thyroxine levels that correlated with depressed behavioral parameters. Further studies using the same protocol reported decreased cell proliferation in the cerebellum and forebrain on postnatal days 11 and 21, respectively. In yet another study, 14mg/day of chlorine dioxide on posmatal days 1-20 was associated with some neurotoxicity (decreased forebrain weight and reduced synapse formation on day 35), but the neurotoxicity was not correlated with any antithyroid activity of this chemical. ... 

The stargazer mutant mouse is ataxic and epileptic. It lacks functional AMPA receptors (Fig. 30-1), which apparently are not delivered successfully to the synapses in the cerebellum in which they function.380 386 Mutation of a transmembrane protein stargazin, which may interact with the AMP receptor, causes the symptoms.457 458 NMDA receptors (Fig. 30-20) are involved in synapse formation in the brain. Filopodial extensions on dendrites, triggered by electrical activity, are essential for synapse formation,459 which occurs rapidly.4593 Activation of NMDA receptors is apparently also necessary.379 460 Without this stimulation the excitatory glutamatergic neurons of the developing brain undergo apoptosis. 

Pfrieger F. W. (2003). Role of cholesterol in synapse formation and function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr. 1610 271-280. 

Misgeld, T., Burgess, R. W., Lewis, R. M., Cunningham, J. M., Lichtman, J. W. and Sanes, J. R. (2002) Roles of neurotransmitter in synapse formation. Development of neuromuscular junctions lacking choline acetyltransferase. Neuron 36, 635-648. 

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