Melting point of wax

Paraffin wax is a solid crystalline mixture of straight-chain (normal) hydrocarbons ranging from 20 to 30 carbon atoms per molecule and even higher. Wax constituents are solid at ordinary temperatures [25°C (77°F)], whereas petrolatum (petroleum jelly) does contain both solid and liquid hydrocarbons. The melting point of wax is not always directly related to its boiling point, because wax contains hydrocarbons of different chemical structure. 

Evaporation Retardants. Small molecule solvents that make up the most effective paint removers also have high vapor pressure and evaporate easily, sometimes before the remover has time to penetrate the finish. Low vapor pressure cosolvents are added to help reduce evaporation. The best approach has been to add a low melting point paraffin wax (mp = 46-57° C) to the paint remover formulation. When evaporation occurs the solvent is chilled and the wax is shocked-out forming a film on the surface of the remover that acts as a barrier to evaporation (5,6). The addition of certain esters enhances the effectiveness of the wax film. It is important not to break the wax film with excessive bmshing or scraping until the remover has penetrated and lifted the finish from the substrate. Likewise, it is important that the remover be used at warm temperatures, since at cool temperatures the wax film may not form, or if it does it will be brittle and fracture. Rapid evaporation occurs when the wax film is absent or broken. 

Phosphorus(III) Oxide. Phosphoms(III) oxide [12440-00-5] the anhydride of phosphonic acid, is formed along with by-products such as phosphoms pentoxide and red phosphoms when phosphoms is burned with less than stoichiometric amounts of oxygen (62). Phosphoms(III) oxide is a poisonous, white, wax-like, crystalline material, which has a melting point of 23.8°C and a boiling point of 175.3°C. When added to hot water, phosphoms(III) oxide reacts violentiy and forms phosphine, phosphoric acid, and red phosphoms. Even in cold water, disproportionation maybe observed if the oxide is not well agitated, resulting in the formation of phosphoric acid and yellow or orange poorly defined polymeric lower oxides of phosphoms (LOOP). 

The major components of candelilla wax are hydrocarbons, esters of long-chain alcohols and acids, long-chain alcohols, sterols, and neutral resins, and long-chain acids. Typically, candelilla wax has a melting point of 70°C, a penetration of 3 drum at 25°C, an acid number of 14, and a saponification number of 55. Principal markets for candelilla include cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals. The FDA affirmed Candelilla as GRAS for certain food apphcations in 21 CFR 184.1976. 

Japan Wax. Japan wax [8001-39-6] is a fat and is derived from the berries of a small tree native to Japan and China cultivated for its wax. Japan wax is composed of triglycerides, primarily tripalmitin. Japan wax typically has a melting point of 53°C, an acid number of 18, and a saponification number of 217. Principal markets include the formulation of candles, poHshes, lubricants, and as an additive to thermoplastic resins. The product has some food-related apphcations. 

Castor Wax. Castor wax [8001-78-3] is catalyticahy hydrogenated castor bean oil. The wax has a melting point of 86°C, acid number of 2, saponification number of 179, and an iodine number of 4. Castor wax is used primarily in the formulation of cosmetics. Derivatives of castor wax are used as surfactants and plastics additives. 

Bayberry Wax. Bayberry wax [8038-77-5] is removed from the surface of the berry of the bayberry (myrtle) shmb by boiling the berries in water and skimming the wax from the surface of the water. The wax is green and made up primarily of lauric, myristic, and palmitic acid esters. The wax has a melting point of 45°C, an acid number of 15, a saponification number of 220, and an iodine number of 6. The wax has an aromatic odor and is used primarily in the manufacture of candles and other products where the distinctive odor is desirable. 

The composition of montan wax depends on the material from which it is extracted, but all contain varying amounts of wax, resin, and asphalt. Black montan wax may be further processed to remove the resins and asphalt, and is known as refined montan wax. White montan wax has been reacted with alcohols to form esters. The wax component of montan is a mixture of long-chain (C24—C q) esters (62—68 wt %), long-chain acids (22—26 wt %), and long-chain alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons (7—15 wt %). Cmde montan wax from Germany typically has a melting point of 80°C, an acid number of 32, and a saponification number of 92. 

Paraffin wax is macrocrystalline, britde, and is composed of 40—90 wt % normal alkanes, with the remainder C g—isoalkanes and cycloalkanes. Paraffin wax has Httle affinity for oil content fully refined paraffin has less than 1 wt % cmde scale, 1—2 wt %, and slack [64742-61-6] above 2 wt %. Within these classes, the melting point of the wax determines the actual grade, with a range of about 46—71°C. Typical properties of petroleum waxes are listed in Table 3. 

Substituted Amide Waxes. The product of fatty acid amidation has unique waxlike properties (13). Probably the most widely produced material is N,1S7-distearylethylenediarnine [110-30-5] which has a melting point of ca 140°C, an acid number of ca 7, and a low melt viscosity. Because of its unusuaHy high melting point and unique functionaHty, it is used in additive quantities to raise the apparent melting point of themoplastic resins and asphalts, as an internal—external lubricant in the compounding of a variety of thermoplastic resins, and as a processing aid for elastomers. 

D87. Open or closed capillary tubes are used to measure the melting point of many of the natural waxes. The congealing point (ASTM D938) is the temperature at which a melted wax ceases to flow, and is more consistent than melting points for some waxes. 

This situation is identical to the previous one and occurs for example when paraffin wax is mixed into rubber above the melting point of the wax. On cooling, the wax starts to crystallise, some of it forming a bloom on the rubber surface. Such a bloom assists in protecting a diene rubber from ozone attack. 

Along each of these isotherms solid and liquid are in equilibrium each corresponds to a melting-point under a given pressure. Thus we see (qualitatively) that the melting-point of a substance of the wax-type is raised by increasing the pressure that of a substance of tlie ice-type is, on the other hand, lowered. 

Bunsen (1850), Hopkins (1854), Batelli (1887), and de Yissier (1892) also made experiments on the effect of pressure on the melting-point of bodies of the wax-type. The latter found for acetic acid ... 

Natural ingredients based lipstick formulations have been prepared. The effects of the natural waxes, oils and solvent compositions on the viscosity and melting point of the lipstick have been studied. The result indicates that the viscosity and melting point of the lipstick can be manipulated by changing the composition of natural candelilla wax, camauba wax and beeswax in the formulation. Another important lipstick characteristic, which is hardness, will be studied. Consumer acceptance towards the product will be investigated. Finally, by relating the consumer data and instrumentation analysis, optimisation process will be conducted. 

The waxes consist of both cyclic and paraffin hydrocarbons. At similar melting points, the waxes have a much higher molecular weight than paraffin waxes and are less stable. Ceresine waxes have a very delicate crystalline structure, with fine needle or short plate crystals. Properly constituted blends of ceresine and paraffin waxes have a dense microcrystalline structure. 

Montan wax is a fossil plant wax with properties similar to natural plant waxes such as those found in carnauba palms. The material is a hard and has a high melting point. Montan wax is composed of a mixture of waxes, resins, and asphaltene-like materials. The wax is typically used in carbon inks, emulsions, polishes, and lubricants. 

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